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By Norma Jeanne Laurette  Table of Contents
IntroductionDog guardians are familiar with the comforting sight of a dog curled up in a ball or splayed with all four paws in the air. Dogs spend a substantial amount of their lives sleeping and healthy sleep is just as essential to their physical and emotional wellbeing as it is for ours. Like people, dogs can experience sleep disturbances that affect the quality of their rest and in some cases, their safety and overall health. Understanding these conditions helps guardians recognize when unusual sleep patterns are harmless and when they might signal underlying health issues (R1). The Importance Of Rest For Canine HealthSleep plays an important role in memory, immune function and emotional stability. During sleep, the brain processes experiences and flushes out metabolic waste, while the body repairs tissues and energy reserves are restored (R2). When dogs sleep well, they tend to be more emotionally stable, responsive to training and physically healthy. On the other hand, chronic sleep disruptions can contribute to irritability, decreased learning ability and health problems. Supporting Healthy Sleep In DogsGuardians can promote healthy sleep for their dogs by creating conditions that support relaxation. Effective strategies include a natural and healthy diet, regular daily exercise and mental stimulation through canine enrichment and training. It also includes consistent routines, feeding and sleep schedules, a quiet, dark and comfortable sleep area and managing any pain or health issues that could interfere with rest. For information about canine enrichment and nutrition see my articles Canine Enrichment For Dogs, Canine Nutrition – Essential For Your Dog’s Health & Longevity and Canine Nutrition – Raw For Dogs. Normal SleepBefore discussing sleep disorders, it helps to understand what normal sleep looks like for our dogs. Adult dogs typically sleep between 12 and 14 hours per day, although this can vary depending on age, breed, activity level and health status (R2). Puppies and senior dogs can sleep even longer. Dogs sleep cycles are similar to humans in that they include:
During REM sleep, dogs can twitch, move their legs, vocalize and flutter their eyes and ears. These behaviours are normal and reflect brain activity associated with dreaming (R3). Because dogs enter REM sleep more frequently but for shorter periods of time than humans, their sleep can appear more fragmented. When sleep cycles are healthy, dogs wake up refreshed and alert, but when the cycles are disrupted, behavioural and medical problems can arise. Behaviours that are a normal part of canine sleep yet may concern some guardians include twitching or paddling legs, whining, yipping or barking, ear and eye flicking and quick body jerks. These movements usually occur during REM sleep and reflect dream activity (R3). Unless the behaviour becomes extreme or causes injury or other problems, it’s normal and nothing to worry about. Behavioural & Lifestyle Factors Affecting SleepBefore discussing sleep disorders, it helps to understand what normal sleep looks like for our dogs. Adult dogs typically sleep between 12 and 14 hours per day, although this can vary depending on age, breed, activity level and health status (R2). Puppies and senior dogs can sleep even longer. Dogs sleep cycles are similar to humans in that they include:
During REM sleep, dogs can twitch, move their legs, vocalize and flutter their eyes and ears. These behaviours are normal and reflect brain activity associated with dreaming (R3). Because dogs enter REM sleep more frequently but for shorter periods of time than humans, their sleep can appear more fragmented. When sleep cycles are healthy, dogs wake up refreshed and alert, but when the cycles are disrupted, behavioural and medical problems can arise. Behaviours that are a normal part of canine sleep yet may concern some guardians include twitching or paddling legs, whining, yipping or barking, ear and eye flicking and quick body jerks. These movements usually occur during REM sleep and reflect dream activity (R3). Unless the behaviour becomes extreme or causes injury or other problems, it’s normal and nothing to worry about (R35). Sleep DisordersNarcolepsy Narcolepsy is one of the more rare and unusual sleep disorders that can affect dogs. It’s a chronic neurological condition that disrupts the brain’s ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles, resulting in excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep episodes. Dogs with narcolepsy can experience sudden muscle weakness (cataplexy), causing the body to slump or briefly collapse while remaining conscious, or they may fully collapse and suddenly fall asleep. These episodes are often triggered by physical activity, excitement, play, loud noises, sudden environmental changes, stress or anxiety (R4). Episodes typically last from a few seconds to a few minutes, after which the dog returns to normal activity. While there is no cure, with proper management many dogs live long, normal and happy lives. Narcolepsy can also have a genetic component and is more common in Doberman Pinschers, Labrador Retrievers and Dachshunds. For information about reducing stress in dogs see my articles Stress & Anxiety – Protecting Your Dog’s Health & Happiness and Healing The Vagus Nerve For A Calmer Dog. Treatment For Narcolepsy Because there is no cure, treatment focuses on management and reducing triggers. This includes structured exercise, avoiding excessive excitement, maintaining consistent feeding schedules and identifying and monitoring triggers (R12) (R14). Environmental management is also important to ensure safety, by blocking access to anything potentially dangerous when the dog can’t be supervised, such as stairs or bodies of water (R12). In some cases, veterinarians may prescribe medications to help regulate sleep-wake cycles and manage sudden muscle weakness. Treatment is always customized for the individual dog (R13) (R14). REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder (RBD)During REM sleep, the brain temporarily paralyzes most muscles to prevent the body from acting out its dreams. In dogs with REM sleep behaviour disorder, this paralysis doesn’t function properly, allowing the dog to physically act out dream-related behaviours. These behaviours can include walking, wandering, running, jumping, barking, growling, whining and air snapping. Episodes can appear dramatic but are usually harmless however, if a dog injures itself or others during sleep, environmental management comes into play (R5). Treatment For REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder Although there is no cure for RBD in dogs, it can often be managed effectively. Treatment focuses on safety, such as removing sharp objects and cushioning areas where the dog may thrash during sleep and blocking off any potentially dangerous areas when supervision isn’t possible, such as stairways and bodies of water. Veterinarians may prescribe medications to reduce movement during sleep (R15) (R16). Maintaining consistent routines and minimizing stress can also help reduce the frequency of episodes. Some dogs respond well to environmental management without the need for medication (R17). Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)Some dogs experience a condition similar to human sleepwalking known as somnambulism, which is different from REM sleep behaviour disorder. While sleepwalking, dogs can stand, walk or bump into objects during deep non-REM sleep and may not respond normally if disturbed (R7). On the other hand, RBD occurs during REM sleep and is associated with dream activity (R8). While both conditions involve movement during sleep, sleepwalking tends to be slower and more coordinated, whereas RBD is more sudden and reactive (R9). Treatment For Sleepwalking Management focuses primarily on safety. Dogs that sleepwalk should be confined or supervised to prevent injury that can be caused by falling, running into objects, entering bodies of water, leaving the property, etc. Maintaining a consistent routine and minimizing stress can help reduce episodes (R19). Medication is rarely required although mild sedatives may be considered in some cases when episodes are frequent or occur along with other sleep disorders (R20). Insomnia Although insomnia is less common in dogs than in humans, dogs can experience this disorder. Symptoms include chronic restlessness, frequent waking and difficulty settling. Common causes include anxiety, stress, pain, cognitive dysfunction in older dogs and environmental disturbances such as noise or light. These dogs can pace at night, frequently change sleeping locations or remain alert when they should be resting. Identifying the underlying cause is essential because insomnia often indicates a medical or behavioural issue rather than a simple sleep disorder (R2). Treatment For Insomnia Treatment typically begins with lifestyle and environmental changes, including a consistent bedtime routine, a quiet, comfortable and dark sleeping area, ensuring a healthy diet, sufficient exercise and mental stimulation (R22). If insomnia is related to stress, anxiety, pain or an underlying medical condition, veterinarians may prescribe short-term medications such as mild sedatives or anti-anxiety drugs to help the dog sleep while treating the underlying issue (R23). With insomnia, addressing the root cause of the problem is the key to restoring normal sleep. Sleep Apnea Sleep apnea can affect dogs, particularly brachycephalic breeds such as Bulldogs, Pugs and Boston Terriers. It occurs when the airway partially or completely collapses during sleep, blocking airflow. Symptoms can include loud snoring, pauses in breathing, gasping or choking sounds as well as daytime fatigue. Obesity can increase risk by adding pressure to the airway. In some cases with overweight dogs, weight management alone can significantly improve symptoms (R6). Treatment For Sleep Apnea If the dog is overweight, treatment will include weight management and in some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct airway abnormalities (R25). Other options include supplemental oxygen and supportive devices such as wedge pillows, orthopedic beds, supportive harnesses or specialized sleep supports to improve airway positioning during sleep. A safe, cool and well-ventilated sleep area will also help to reduce risk. The goal is to keep airflow steady so the dog can sleep more comfortably, which can make a big difference in their overall health and energy levels. Periodic Limb Movement & Restless Sleep Some dogs exhibit repetitive limb movements during sleep that go beyond normal REM twitching. In more severe cases, this can lead to frequent waking or constant repositioning throughout the night. Potential causes include neurological conditions, arthritis, pain, muscle disorders or nutritional imbalances. While occasional twitching is normal, persistent restlessness could indicate an underlying medical issue (R5). Treatment For Periodic Limb Movement & Restless Sleep Treatment focuses on identifying and addressing any underlying medical conditions (R28). Other strategies includes providing a quiet, comfortable and dark sleeping environment, minimizing stress and maintaining a consistent routine. In more severe cases, veterinarians may prescribe medications such as muscle relaxants or anti-anxiety drugs to help improve sleep quality (R29). Age-Related Sleep Changes Changes in sleep patterns are common as dogs age. Older dogs often sleep more during the day, wake more frequently at night or appear restless in spite of fatigue (R30). These changes can be part of normal aging but can also be influenced by pain, cognitive decline or other health conditions (R31). One common condition that affects the sleep of a senior or geriatric dog is canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD), which is similar to dementia in humans. Dogs with CCD often wander at night, vocalize more, require more frequent trips outside during the night to eliminate and can show signs of confusion or disorientation. These changes occur as aging affects the brain’s regulation of sleep-wake cycles (R1). Treatment For Age-Related Changes Supporting senior dogs means giving them a soft, supportive orthopedic memory foam bed that’s easy to access, which helps with mobility and relieves pressure on sore joints. Keeping a consistent daily routine, feeding a natural, healthy diet and providing regular, gentle exercise can make a big difference (R32). Veterinarians may also suggest supplements or medications to manage discomfort and support cognitive function, which can improve sleep quality and overall wellbeing. Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder Circadian rhythm sleep disorder happens when a dog’s internal clock gets out of sync with the normal day-night cycle. When this happens, a dog can be awake and restless at night then sleep more than usual during the day. This is most common in senior dogs and is often linked to cognitive decline, although neurological issues, changes in routine and environmental factors such as noise, inconsistent lighting can also trigger it. Dogs affected can seem unsettled, confused or simply unable to relax when they would normally be sleeping (R36). Treatment For Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder Treatment focuses on gently bringing the dog’s sleep-wake cycle back into balance. Keeping a consistent daily routine, regular feeding schedule, exercise and a predictable bedtime can make a big difference. It also helps to ensure the dog gets exposure to natural daylight during the day and has a quiet, dark space to sleep at night (R37). In some cases, veterinarians may suggest supplements such as melatonin or prescribe medications to help regulate sleep. Addressing any underlying medical or cognitive issues is an important part of improving sleep for these dogs (R38). Other Causes Of Sleep Disturbances Certain medications including corticosteroids, antihistamines, diuretics, behavioural drugs, thyroid medications, anticonvulsants and pain or neurologic medications can contribute to sleep disturbances. Dogs that have experienced trauma or have PTSD can suffer from heightened anxiety and relive stressful events through nightmares, making it difficult to relax and fall asleep. This combination of ongoing anxiety and the anticipation of recurrent nightmares often causes restless sleep, frequent awakenings and increased vigilance at night (R39). Nightmares can interrupt the natural sleep cycle in dogs, leading to fragmented sleep and daytime fatigue. These dogs are known to whimper, twitch and wake suddenly, which prevents deep restorative deep sleep (R40). Physical illness, pain or injury can also significantly disrupt a dog’s sleep. Pain and discomfort can cause frequent shifting, restlessness and difficulty finding a comfortable position, which reduces overall sleep quality (R41). Holistic Options(R33) (R34) For people like us who always research holistic options when suitable, below is a list of possibilities. Disclaimer: Like any choice of treatment, holistic and natural remedies for supporting sleep in dogs should always be approached with caution as even “natural” products can cause adverse effects. Some lack strong scientific evidence as they have not been properly researched and some carry risks such as gastrointestinal upset, sedation, drug interactions or limited effectiveness and should be used under the guidance of a licensed holistic veterinarian. Safety, dosage and suitability vary based on a dog’s age, breed, size, health status and other medications. Always consult a professional before using melatonin (which must be xylitol-free as it’s highly toxic to dogs), CBD oil, herbs or aromatherapy. Many essential oils are also toxic to dogs, including, but not limited to tea tree, peppermint, cinnamon, citrus, pine, and wintergreen. Even those considered safer must be heavily diluted, never applied directly to the dog, kept out of reach and used with extreme caution. This information is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional holistic or conventional veterinary advice. These holistic options are aimed at promoting nervous system balance, relaxation and better sleep quality for dogs.
When To Seek AdviceIf a dog is experiencing extreme and unusual sleep patterns, veterinary evaluation can help identify or eliminate the possibility of physiological or pharmaceutical contributors. This is especially important if a dog suddenly collapses when excited, moves violently or for a long period of time during sleep, wakes frequently during the night, has loud or interrupted breathing while sleeping or shows notable changes in behaviour linked to sleep. Identifying potential issues early can make a big difference in a dog’s health and comfort. SummaryAlthough dogs are known for their ability to nap almost anywhere at any time, healthy sleep is not something we can always take for granted. Even though most sleep behaviours such as twitching paws, vocalizations or shifting positions are normal parts of the sleep cycle, persistent and extreme disturbances can interfere with restorative rest and may require veterinary attention. By understanding normal sleep patterns and recognizing potential warning signs, guardians can ensure their dogs receive the deep, healing sleep necessary for a healthy and happy life. References(R1) Overall, K. L. (2013). Manual of Clinical Behavioural Medicine for Dogs and Cats. Elsevier. Comprehensive resource on canine behaviour, neurological conditions, and sleep disturbances. (R2) Landsberg, G., Hunthausen, W., & Ackerman, L. (2013). Behaviour Problems of the Dog and Cat. Saunders. Discusses normal canine sleep patterns and behavioural causes of sleep disruption. (R3) Siegel, J. M. (2005). Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep. Nature, 437(7063), 1264–1271. Research explaining REM sleep and dream-related muscle activity. (R4) Mignot, E., Tafti, M., Dement, W., & Grumet, F. (1995). Narcolepsy and immunity. Sleep, 18(9), 757–765. Describes genetic and neurological factors involved in narcolepsy in dogs and humans. (R5) Mahowald, M. W., & Schenck, C. H. (2005). Insights from studying human sleep disorders applied to animal sleep behaviour. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 9(4), 251–267. Explains REM behaviour disorders and sleep movement disorders. (R6) Hendricks, J. C. (1992). Brachycephalic airway syndrome and sleep-disordered breathing in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 201(4), 609–612. Discusses sleep apnea and respiratory obstruction in short-nosed breeds. (R7) Schenck, C. H., Mahowald, M. W. (2002). Insights into canine sleepwalking and parasomnias. Elsevier. Overview of non-REM sleepwalking in dogs and its presentation. (R8) Howell, T. J., Bennett, P. C. (2011). Sleep behaviour and REM disorder in domestic dogs. Journal of Veterinary Behaviour, 6(5), 279–285. Discusses REM sleep behaviour disorder and its manifestations. (R9) Miller, L., & Hoffman, J. (2015). Distinguishing canine sleep disorders: sleepwalking vs. REM behaviour. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 45(4), 777–790. Compares sleepwalking and REM sleep disorders in dogs. (R10) Medleau, L., & Hnilica, K. (2010). Small Animal Neurology. Elsevier. Overview of neurological sleep disorders in dogs. (R11) Miller, M. W., & Dewey, C. W. (2001). Narcolepsy and cataplexy in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 15(2), 140–145. Clinical features and triggers of narcolepsy in dogs. (R12) Dodman, N. H., & Shuster, L. (2000). Behavioural management of narcolepsy in dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 30(2), 421–430. Strategies to reduce triggers and improve safety. (R13) Rishniw, M., & Packer, R. M. (2013). Pharmacological management of narcolepsy in dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 54(12), 636–642. Review of medications used to control narcolepsy episodes. (R14) Platt, S. R., & Olby, N. J. (2013). BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Neurology (4th ed.). British Small Animal Veterinary Association. Guidance on diagnosis, management, and treatment options for canine narcolepsy. (R15) Schenck, C. H., Bundlie, S. R., Ettinger, M. G., & Mahowald, M. W. (1986). Chronic behavioural disorders of human REM sleep: a new category of parasomnia. Sleep, 9(2), 293–308. Study describing REM sleep behaviour disorders and treatment approaches. (R16) Olson, E., & Smith, P. (2010). Management of sleep disorders in dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 40(3), 565–576. Overview of medications used to treat RBD in dogs. (R17) Miller, T., & Hart, B. (2015). Environmental and behavioural strategies for canine sleep disorders. Journal of Veterinary Behaviour, 10(4), 321–327. Discussion of non-pharmacological approaches to reduce RBD episodes in dogs. (R18) Dauvilliers, Y., Arnulf, I., & Mignot, E. (2007). Sleep disorders in dogs: clinical characteristics and management. Veterinary Journal, 173(3), 438–446. Review of canine sleep disorders including sleepwalking. (R19) Miller, T., & Hart, B. (2015). Environmental and behavioural strategies for canine sleep disorders. Journal of Veterinary Behaviour, 10(4), 321–327. Recommendations for managing sleepwalking through environmental and routine adjustments. (R20) Olson, E., & Smith, P. (2010). Management of sleep disorders in dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 40(3), 565–576. Overview of when medication might be considered for canine sleepwalking. (R21) Dauvilliers, Y., Arnulf, I., & Mignot, E. (2007). Sleep disorders in dogs: clinical characteristics and management. Veterinary Journal, 173(3), 438–446. Overview of canine insomnia symptoms and prevalence. (R22) Miller, T., & Hart, B. (2015). Environmental and behavioural strategies for canine sleep disorders. Journal of Veterinary Behaviour, 10(4), 321–327. Discussion of non-pharmacological interventions for insomnia in dogs. (R23) Olson, E., & Smith, P. (2010). Management of sleep disorders in dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 40(3), 565–576. Review of pharmacological treatments for canine insomnia. (R24) Dauvilliers, Y., Arnulf, I., & Mignot, E. (2007). Sleep disorders in dogs: clinical characteristics and management. Veterinary Journal, 173(3), 438–446. Overview of sleep apnea signs and diagnosis in dogs. (R25) Olson, E., & Smith, P. (2010). Management of sleep disorders in dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 40(3), 565–576. Discussion of treatments targeting underlying causes of sleep apnea. (R26) Miller, T., & Hart, B. (2015). Environmental and behavioural strategies for canine sleep disorders. Journal of Veterinary Behaviour, 10(4), 321–327. Non-surgical strategies to improve breathing and sleep quality in dogs with apnea. (R27) Dauvilliers, Y., Arnulf, I., & Mignot, E. (2007). Sleep disorders in dogs: clinical characteristics and management. Veterinary Journal, 173(3), 438–446. Description of periodic limb movements and restless sleep in canines. (R28) Miller, T., & Hart, B. (2015). Environmental and behavioural strategies for canine sleep disorders. Journal of Veterinary Behaviour, 10(4), 321–327. Strategies for improving sleep quality and reducing limb movements in dogs. (R29) Olson, E., & Smith, P. (2010). Management of sleep disorders in dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 40(3), 565–576. Overview of pharmacological options for treating periodic limb movements in dogs. (R30) Dauvilliers, Y., Arnulf, I., & Mignot, E. (2007). Sleep disorders in dogs: clinical characteristics and management. Veterinary Journal, 173(3), 438–446. Overview of age-related sleep changes in dogs. (R31) Olson, E., & Smith, P. (2010). Management of sleep disorders in dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 40(3), 565–576. Discussion of health factors contributing to sleep changes in older dogs. (R32) Miller, T., & Hart, B. (2015). Environmental and behavioural strategies for canine sleep disorders. Journal of Veterinary Behaviour, 10(4), 321–327. Recommendations for supporting restful sleep in senior dogs. (R33) Landsberg, G., et al. (2012). Cognitive dysfunction syndrome: A disease of canine and feline brain aging. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 42(4), 749–768. (R34) Schork, I. G., et al. (2022). How environmental conditions affect sleep? An investigation in domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Animals, 12(11), 1400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12111400 (R35) Landsberg, G., Hunthausen, W., & Ackerman, L. (2013). Behaviour problems of the dog and cat (3rd ed.). Saunders Elsevier. Overview of how lifestyle factors such as insufficient exercise, lack of mental stimulation, stress, anxiety, and inconsistent routines contribute to behavioural issues and disrupted sleep patterns in dogs. (R36) Landsberg, G., Hunthausen, W., & Ackerman, L. (2013). Behaviour Problems of the Dog and Cat. Saunders. Discusses circadian rhythm disruptions and their association with cognitive dysfunction and environmental factors. (R37) Horwitz, D., & Mills, D. (2009). BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Behavioural Medicine. British Small Animal Veterinary Association. Covers behavioural and environmental strategies for managing sleep–wake cycle disorders. (R38) Overall, K. (2013). Manual of Clinical Behavioural Medicine for Dogs and Cats. Elsevier. Reviews treatment approaches including routine regulation and pharmacological support for sleep disturbances. (R39) Foyer, P., Wilsson, E., & Jensen, P. (2014) Dog behaviour and trauma: Effects on sleep patterns. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 153, 53–60. (R40) Landsberg, G., Hunthausen, W., & Ackerman, L. (2012) Behaviour problems of the dog and cat. Saunders Elsevier. Discussion of nightmares and sleep disturbance in dogs. (R41) McCobb, E., Patronek, G., & Marder, A. (2005) Pain, illness, and sleep disruption in companion animals. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 41(6), 293–300. Photo By Freepik.com
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By Norma Jeanne Laurette  IntroductionDogs communicate primarily through body language, facial expressions and vocalizations, and when we learn to read these signals, understanding dogs can become almost effortless. However, even experienced guardians and trainers sometimes get it wrong. The truth is that canine communication can be extremely subtle, and recognizing these nuances is essential for a strong relationship with our dogs based on accurate understanding (R1). Dogs use their entire bodies to communicate – their ears, eyes, mouth, face, nose, paws, body, movement, tail and vocal signals all work together. For example, a wagging tail doesn’t always mean the dog is happy in fact, dogs with wagging tails have bitten many people and some dogs will wag their tails right up to the bite. The wag can indicate many different things depending on the type of wag, situation, and what the rest of the body is saying. The key is to read the whole dog, not just one signal and even then, interpretation isn’t always easy (R3). Dogs have evolved into subtle communicators and the same behaviour can mean many different things depending on context. Context & ObservationDogs don’t communicate in single signals, they communicate in clusters. A yawning dog with a loose body and soft eyes is relaxed. The same yawn paired with a tense body and avoidance indicates stress. Context is everything and so is the individual dog as no two dogs communicate exactly the same (R3). Personality, genetics, breed tendencies and life experience all shape how each dog communicates. Some dogs are subtle, while are others expressive but the more you observe, the clearer each individual dog’s communication style becomes. To accurately read and understand what a dog is communicating, you need to look at the entire dog, what each part of the body is saying, and put it into context with the dog’s history and current environment. Multiple Meaning Communications EARS Note: Ear carriage varies widely depending on whether the dog has floppy or erect ears. Ears Pinned Back Fear, appeasement, uncertainty, stress, pain, nausea Note: Loose signals indicate appeasement/submission, while tight/flat indicate fear or discomfort (R13). Ears Forward Alertness, curiosity, arousal, potential concern, intense focus, predatory – Note: Very stiff/tense ears along with a rigid body indicates high arousal, threat or predatory/aggressive intent. (R13). EYES Whale Eye (White Showing) Excitement, anxiety, resource guarding, discomfort with proximity, tracking movement, looking sideways while keeping the head still (R2) (R4) Dilated Pupils Fear, stress, arousal Breaking Eye Contact Fear, calming signal, avoiding conflict, distracted, de-escalation strategy (R7) Hard Stare Threat, guarding, intent to control space, escalation warning, predatory fixation (R26) Soft Eyes, Squinty, Almond Shaped Relaxation, comfort, friendly intent, low arousal (R26) Rapid Blinking Uncertainty, calming signal, appeasement, eye irritation, fatigue (R26) Hyper-Vigilant Scanning Anxiety, environmental sensitivity, anticipation, pain-driven vigilance, neurological sensitivity (R14) MOUTH / FACE Yawning Relaxation, anticipation, calming signal, displacement behaviour, stress, oxygen regulation, fatigue (R5) Lip Licking Grooming, social appeasement, displacement behaviour, stress, nausea, oral discomfort (R5) Relaxed Open Mouth & Tongue Relaxed, comfortable (R6) Closed Mouth (Sudden Stillness) Tension, focus, assessment of a situation (R14) Tight Facial Muscles Stress, discomfort, emotional restraint (R13) Smiling (Submissive Grin) Appeasement, social deference, friendly intent – Note: sometimes misread as happy when the dog is tense (R18). Mouthing (Hard) Over-arousal, frustration, reduced impulse control, overstimulation (R17) Mouthing (Gentle) Play, exploration, social interaction, over-arousal, self-regulation during excitement, frustration (R17) Panting (Not Heat-Related) Excitement, contentment, joy, overstimulation, stress, anxiety, discomfort, pain, nausea, fever, breed-related baseline, hormonal influences, metabolic conditions, cognitive stress or confusion (older dogs), conditioned, medication side effects, cardiac/respiratory issues (R29) Teeth Chattering Arousal, excitement, anticipation, scent processing, response to cold, dental/jaw issues (R29) Nooking (Sucking On Soft Objects) Self-soothing, emotional regulation, common with dogs weaned too early (R33) Air Snapping Play, over-arousal, frustration, displacement behaviour, excitement, stress, neurological irritation, compulsion NOSE Sniffing The Ground Distraction, curiosity, calming signal, displacement behaviour (R7) Sneezing Nasal irritation, excitement, a social signal that interaction is friendly and non-threatening, play interruption signal (R11) Reverse Sneezing Excitement, sudden temperature drop, rapid emotional arousal, nasal irritation, post nasal drip, allergies, anatomical sensitivity, assorted medical causes (R11) Snorting (In Or Out) Nasal or airway irritation or sensitivity, excitement, contentment, frustration (R12) Nose Bump Investigatory, attention-getting, excitement, frustration, resource guarding, boundary testing, warning of escalation to aggression (R34) Thumping (Quick Exhales) Arousal, heightened interest, investigative focus, anticipation, alertness, mild frustration, displacement behaviour (R33) PAWS Paws Curl Under Then Release Comfort-seeking, relaxation, mild arousal shifts, anticipation of movement, breed tendency, habit, fatigue, possible physical discomfort, stiffness if frequent or asymmetrical (R23) BODY / MOVEMENT Turning Away Looking at something, distraction, avoidance, a polite way of reducing social pressure (R7) Walking Away Distraction, disengagement, regulating interaction (R7) Shaking Off Arousal reset following excitement, stress, or tension, emotional release, transition between states, often seen after play, social interaction, or mild stress (R6) Play Bow Stretching, invitation to play, pre-emptive conflict diffuser, sign of comfort (R6) Full-Body Wiggle Over-excitement, social enthusiasm, positive anticipation (R6) Partial Rolling Comfort, trust, play, submission (R6) Paw Lifting Focus, curiosity, anticipation, uncertainty (R5) Blocking Or Standing In The Way Control of space, social regulation, interruption of movement, uncertainty, anticipation (R17) Leaning On Someone Bonding, attention behaviour, social connection, anxiety (R6) Leaning Away From A Person, Dog Or Stimulus Discomfort, avoidance, uncertainty, fear, increasing distance from a person, dog, or stimulus without fully retreating, a subtle disengagement signal that can precede more obvious avoidance (R27) Weight Shifting Uncertainty, hesitation, fear, avoidance (R28) Leaning Forward Interest, confidence, potential pressure or challenge (R28) Curved Body Posture Social softness, calming signal, polite interaction (R28) Low Crouch Fear, anxiety, uncertainty, appeasement, dog is attempting to appear smaller or less threatening, often ready to retreat if required, can also be seen in cautious approach or when anticipating something unpleasant (R27) Stiff Posture Tension, alertness, possible escalation (R28) Freezing Uncertainty, fear, early warning to escalation when a dog feels threatened (R14) Slow Movement “Creeping” Play, uncertainty, caution, fear, tracking scent, environmental investigation, predatory (R14) Hackles Raised (Piloerection) Involuntary arousal response, excitement, fear, uncertainty, heightened emotional intensity (R15) Averting Head While Approaching Polite social behaviour, reducing perceived threat (R16) Sitting Or Lying Down Mid-Interaction Calming signal, disengagement, conflict avoidance (R16) Excessive Scratching (Without Itch) Displacement behaviour, stress, internal conflict (R16) Following Closely (Shadowing) Attachment, curiosity, anticipation, learned reinforcement, anxiety (R17) TAIL Tucked Fear, anxiety, submission, insecurity, anticipation of threat, attempt to appear smaller, pain, illness (R27) High, Stiff, Fast Wag High arousal, alertness, assertive interest, potential tension or challenge (R27) Slow, Low Wag Uncertainty, cautious social engagement, appeasement, mild insecurity, assessing a situation or individual (R27) Loose, Wide, Circular Wag Friendly intent, social engagement, excitement – Note: when paired with loose body indicates relaxed/happy, when paired with tension indicates arousal or nervous excitement (R6) Helicopter Wag (Full Circle) Strong positive social intent, excitement, familiarity (R6) Wagging More To The Right Positive emotional state, approach-oriented, comfort or interest in the stimulus (R6) Wagging More To The Left Negative emotional state, withdrawal tendency, caution, anxiety or concern about the stimulus (R6) VOCAL SIGNALS Barking Play, excitement, attention getting, response to other dogs barking, alert barking, territorial, compulsive behaviour, boredom, loneliness, frustration, fear, medical or age-related (R24) Growling Warning signal, discomfort, boundary setting, fear (R30) Howling Communication over distance, response to sound, social bonding (R30) Whining Excitement, distress, frustration, attention-getting, pain signalling (R5) Sighing Relaxation, postural relief, emotional release, sadness (R5) CALMING SIGNALS Calming Signals – Subtle social behaviours used to reduce tension, avoid conflict or regulate interaction (in self or others). Turning head away, looking away, play bow, single paw lift, slow blinking, soften facial expression, turning body sideways, curved approach, slow movements, lowered body posture, sitting or lying down, sniffing the ground, splitting attention between stimulus and environment (R7) DISPLACEMENT BEHAVIOURS Displacement Behaviours – Context-inappropriate behaviours caused by internal conflict, stress or arousal that are not directly related to the immediate situation. Shaking off (full body shake), suddenly sniffing the ground, freezing, panting when not hot, nose licking, chewing or mouthing objects, repetitive swallowing or gulping, sudden scratching, repeated yawning, excessive grooming, circling, pacing, suddenly sitting or lying down, sniffing the ground, sudden interest in irrelevant stimuli, freezing followed by abrupt and unrelated action, sudden scratching or biting (R7) Micro-Communications Slow Blink Comfort, trust, relaxation, fatigue (R6) Slight Weight Shifts Polite social signalling (R7) Brief Pauses During Play Communication resets (R6) Tiny Tongue Flicks Calming signal (R7) Ear Flicks Attention shifts (R5) Sudden Mouth Closing Momentary focus (R5) Micro-Pauses Interaction regulation (R6) Side-By-Side Positioning Social ease, co-regulation (R7) Head Tilts Engagement, listening, sound localization (R6) Gentle Nose Touches Bonding (R7) For More information about micro communications see my article entitled Micro-Expressions In Dogs. Unique Attention Getting BehavioursDogs are highly skilled at learning what elicits a response from their humans. Over time, they develop individual behaviours specifically aimed at gaining attention. These can include exaggerated sighs, grunts, snorts, sneezes or other vocalizations, as well as nudging, pawing, sudden bursts of movement or simply sitting in front of a person and tilting their head. Some dogs will also block pathways, position themselves between a person and an object (such as a phone, desk or doorway), or bring specific items to their guardian as an invitation for interaction or play. Other attention-getting behaviours include light mouthing without pressure, restless pacing that increases in proximity to the person, or performing previously reinforced “trick” behaviours in rapid succession (known as behaviour chaining). In some cases, dogs use patterned vocalizations, such as short attention-barking sequences or time their behaviours to coincide with moments when their guardian is distracted or busy. These behaviours are shaped through reinforcement history and social responsiveness, reflecting a dog’s ability to adapt its behaviour to elicit predictable human responses (R21) (R22). Some dogs develop unique and individualized ways of seeking interaction. These behaviours are not necessarily a bad thing, but instead reflect intelligence, learning ability and social awareness. Dogs quickly learn that humans tend to be responsive, and will use whatever works to get what they want. (R10). The key is distinguishing between communication, learned attention behaviours, and stress or pain-related behaviours in order to respond appropriately. Identifying attention behaviour is also important in training, when applying the resource control rule of ignoring all demands. SummaryCanine communication is complex, fluid and deeply contextual. By learning to read clusters of signals and recognizing individual quirks, we can increase our understanding of our dogs and their communications. Dogs don’t just communicate, they adapt their communication in their own unique way to their people, environment and circumstances. Teaching our dogs to understand our language is important however, learning to understand our dogs is vital to every aspect of their survival. When we learn to listen and understand what they are saying, we don’t just improve their behaviour, we build a stronger and healthier relationship. References(R1) Overall, K. L. (2013). Manual of Clinical Behavioural Medicine for Dogs and Cats. Elsevier. Comprehensive resource on canine behaviour, neurological conditions, and sleep disturbances. (R2) Landsberg, G., Hunthausen, W., & Ackerman, L. (2013). Behaviour Problems of the Dog and Cat. Saunders. Discusses normal canine sleep patterns and behavioural causes of sleep disruption. (R3) Siegel, J. M. (2005). Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep. Nature, 437(7063), 1264–1271. Research explaining REM sleep and dream-related muscle activity. (R4) Mignot, E., Tafti, M., Dement, W., & Grumet, F. (1995). Narcolepsy and immunity. Sleep, 18(9), 757–765. Describes genetic and neurological factors involved in narcolepsy in dogs and humans. (R5) Mahowald, M. W., & Schenck, C. H. (2005). Insights from studying human sleep disorders applied to animal sleep behaviour. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 9(4), 251–267. Explains REM behaviour disorders and sleep movement disorders. (R6) Hendricks, J. C. (1992). Brachycephalic airway syndrome and sleep-disordered breathing in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 201(4), 609–612. Discusses sleep apnea and respiratory obstruction in short-nosed breeds. (R7) Schenck, C. H., Mahowald, M. W. (2002). Insights into canine sleepwalking and parasomnias. Elsevier. Overview of non-REM sleepwalking in dogs and its presentation. (R8) Howell, T. J., Bennett, P. C. (2011). Sleep behaviour and REM disorder in domestic dogs. Journal of Veterinary Behaviour, 6(5), 279–285. Discusses REM sleep behaviour disorder and its manifestations. (R9) Miller, L., & Hoffman, J. (2015). Distinguishing canine sleep disorders: sleepwalking vs. REM behaviour. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 45(4), 777–790. Compares sleepwalking and REM sleep disorders in dogs. (R10) Medleau, L., & Hnilica, K. (2010). Small Animal Neurology. Elsevier. Overview of neurological sleep disorders in dogs. (R11) Miller, M. W., & Dewey, C. W. (2001). Narcolepsy and cataplexy in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 15(2), 140–145. Clinical features and triggers of narcolepsy in dogs. (R12) Dodman, N. H., & Shuster, L. (2000). Behavioural management of narcolepsy in dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 30(2), 421–430. Strategies to reduce triggers and improve safety. (R13) Rishniw, M., & Packer, R. M. (2013). Pharmacological management of narcolepsy in dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 54(12), 636–642. Review of medications used to control narcolepsy episodes. (R14) Platt, S. R., & Olby, N. J. (2013). BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Neurology (4th ed.). British Small Animal Veterinary Association. Guidance on diagnosis, management, and treatment options for canine narcolepsy. (R15) Schenck, C. H., Bundlie, S. R., Ettinger, M. G., & Mahowald, M. W. (1986). Chronic behavioural disorders of human REM sleep: a new category of parasomnia. Sleep, 9(2), 293–308. Study describing REM sleep behaviour disorders and treatment approaches. (R16) Olson, E., & Smith, P. (2010). Management of sleep disorders in dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 40(3), 565–576. Overview of medications used to treat RBD in dogs. (R17) Miller, T., & Hart, B. (2015). Environmental and behavioural strategies for canine sleep disorders. Journal of Veterinary Behaviour, 10(4), 321–327. Discussion of non-pharmacological approaches to reduce RBD episodes in dogs. (R18) Dauvilliers, Y., Arnulf, I., & Mignot, E. (2007). Sleep disorders in dogs: clinical characteristics and management. Veterinary Journal, 173(3), 438–446. Review of canine sleep disorders including sleepwalking. (R19) Miller, T., & Hart, B. (2015). Environmental and behavioural strategies for canine sleep disorders. Journal of Veterinary Behaviour, 10(4), 321–327. Recommendations for managing sleepwalking through environmental and routine adjustments. (R20) Olson, E., & Smith, P. (2010). Management of sleep disorders in dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 40(3), 565–576. Overview of when medication might be considered for canine sleepwalking. (R21) Dauvilliers, Y., Arnulf, I., & Mignot, E. (2007). Sleep disorders in dogs: clinical characteristics and management. Veterinary Journal, 173(3), 438–446. Overview of canine insomnia symptoms and prevalence. (R22) Miller, T., & Hart, B. (2015). Environmental and behavioural strategies for canine sleep disorders. Journal of Veterinary Behaviour, 10(4), 321–327. Discussion of non-pharmacological interventions for insomnia in dogs. (R23) Olson, E., & Smith, P. (2010). Management of sleep disorders in dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 40(3), 565–576. Review of pharmacological treatments for canine insomnia. (R24) Dauvilliers, Y., Arnulf, I., & Mignot, E. (2007). Sleep disorders in dogs: clinical characteristics and management. Veterinary Journal, 173(3), 438–446. Overview of sleep apnea signs and diagnosis in dogs. (R25) Olson, E., & Smith, P. (2010). Management of sleep disorders in dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 40(3), 565–576. Discussion of treatments targeting underlying causes of sleep apnea. (R26) Miller, T., & Hart, B. (2015). Environmental and behavioural strategies for canine sleep disorders. Journal of Veterinary Behaviour, 10(4), 321–327. Non-surgical strategies to improve breathing and sleep quality in dogs with apnea. (R27) Dauvilliers, Y., Arnulf, I., & Mignot, E. (2007). Sleep disorders in dogs: clinical characteristics and management. Veterinary Journal, 173(3), 438–446. Description of periodic limb movements and restless sleep in canines. (R28) Miller, T., & Hart, B. (2015). Environmental and behavioural strategies for canine sleep disorders. Journal of Veterinary Behaviour, 10(4), 321–327. Strategies for improving sleep quality and reducing limb movements in dogs. (R29) Olson, E., & Smith, P. (2010). Management of sleep disorders in dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 40(3), 565–576. Overview of pharmacological options for treating periodic limb movements in dogs. (R30) Dauvilliers, Y., Arnulf, I., & Mignot, E. (2007). Sleep disorders in dogs: clinical characteristics and management. Veterinary Journal, 173(3), 438–446. Overview of age-related sleep changes in dogs. (R31) Olson, E., & Smith, P. (2010). Management of sleep disorders in dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 40(3), 565–576. Discussion of health factors contributing to sleep changes in older dogs. (R32) Miller, T., & Hart, B. (2015). Environmental and behavioural strategies for canine sleep disorders. Journal of Veterinary Behaviour, 10(4), 321–327. Recommendations for supporting restful sleep in senior dogs. (R33) Landsberg, G., et al. (2012). Cognitive dysfunction syndrome: A disease of canine and feline brain aging. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 42(4), 749–768. (R34) Schork, I. G., et al. (2022). How environmental conditions affect sleep? An investigation in domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Animals, 12(11), 1400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12111400 (R35) Landsberg, G., Hunthausen, W., & Ackerman, L. (2013). Behaviour problems of the dog and cat (3rd ed.). Saunders Elsevier. Overview of how lifestyle factors such as insufficient exercise, lack of mental stimulation, stress, anxiety, and inconsistent routines contribute to behavioural issues and disrupted sleep patterns in dogs. (R36) Landsberg, G., Hunthausen, W., & Ackerman, L. (2013). Behaviour Problems of the Dog and Cat. Saunders. Discusses circadian rhythm disruptions and their association with cognitive dysfunction and environmental factors. (R37) Horwitz, D., & Mills, D. (2009). BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Behavioural Medicine. British Small Animal Veterinary Association. Covers behavioural and environmental strategies for managing sleep–wake cycle disorders. (R38) Overall, K. (2013). Manual of Clinical Behavioural Medicine for Dogs and Cats. Elsevier. Reviews treatment approaches including routine regulation and pharmacological support for sleep disturbances. (R39) Foyer, P., Wilsson, E., & Jensen, P. (2014) Dog behaviour and trauma: Effects on sleep patterns. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 153, 53–60. (R40) Landsberg, G., Hunthausen, W., & Ackerman, L. (2012) Behaviour problems of the dog and cat. Saunders Elsevier. Discussion of nightmares and sleep disturbance in dogs. (R41) McCobb, E., Patronek, G., & Marder, A. (2005) Pain, illness, and sleep disruption in companion animals. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 41(6), 293–300. Photo By Freepik.com |