By Norma Jeanne Laurette ​

​Aggression in dogs can be a stressful and sometimes dangerous problem for guardians, trainers and veterinarians. Although most aggression is caused by fear, there are some exceptions, and understanding what triggers the behaviour is essential to successful rehabilitation. Two types of aggression that are not common are rage syndrome and idiopathic aggression. While both involve sudden, unprovoked, aggressive behaviour, the underlying causes, treatments and outcomes are very different. Misdiagnosing aggression can lead to ineffective treatment, risk of injury, compromised quality of life for both dog and guardian and it can cost the dog its life.

​Although rage syndrome and idiopathic aggression were once believed to be the same thing, they are not. Rage syndrome is a rare seizure-related condition that has often been mislabeled as idiopathic aggression. The term idiopathic aggression simply means the cause of the aggression has not been identified. Since rage syndrome has a known cause, it is not idiopathic.

Rage syndrome is a rare, neurological disease caused by a seizure disorder that affects the regions of the brain that control behaviour and aggression and presents as sudden, unpredictable and explosive aggression R13. During an episode, the dog can exhibit a glassy-eyed stare and disassociated trance-like state, and afterward can either quickly return to normal or appear dazed and confused. In either case, the dog is entirely oblivious to what just occurred R2.

For this reason, aggression caused by rage syndrome is considered a neurological issue rather than a behavioural one R29. Dogs suffering from rage syndrome can attack without warning or provocation, creating a dangerous situation for both people and other animals. Because rage syndrome manifests as violent aggression, it’s often misdiagnosed as behavioural instead of neurological R1.

Rage syndrome is believed to be a form of partial seizure disorder. Also known as focal seizure disorder, partial seizure disorder occurs when seizures originate in a specific part of the brain as opposed to the entire brain. Symptoms will vary depending on the part of the brain affected. In this case, the seizure starts in the limbic system, which controls emotions and aggression.

Rage syndrome is most common in specific breeds, leading to the idea that it could be at least partially genetically predisposed however, because it’s also been seen in other breeds, there could be other factors as well R4. Breeds most prone to this disorder are Bull Terriers, Cocker Spaniels, English Springer Spaniels, German Shepherds, Rottweilers, Doberman Pinschers and Chesapeake Bay Retrievers. Because it’s especially common in English Springer Spaniel show lines, it’s also referred to as Springer Rage.

Since rage syndrome has a neurological cause it can’t be viewed as a behaviour problem. Veterinary neurologists use EEGs and MRIs to analyze brain function and rule out structural defects when diagnosing this problem, however even with advanced testing, it can still be difficult to confirm the diagnosis R5.


Rage syndrome emphasizes the importance of understanding the difference between aggression with neurological causes versus behavioural causes in order to set both dog and guardian up for success. When rage syndrome is misdiagnosed as behavioural and a dog is labelled ‘dangerous’, the results can be devastating for both dog and guardian. Awareness of rage syndrome allows for the potential of life saving treatments and nurtures compassion and understanding in guardians to improve the dog’s chances of survival and quality of life R6.

​Medical Treatment

Because rage syndrome is caused by seizures, anticonvulsants are the main treatment R19. Some dogs show improvement within a few weeks of starting Phenobarbital R20 but if the dog doesn’t respond, Levetiracetam and Zonisamide are sometimes used R21. Fluoxetine is occasionally prescribed to help manage anxiety and impulsive behaviours that can exacerbate the problem R22. When using medication to treat aggression, it’s crucial to closely monitor progress in order to ensure the treatment is effective, to maintain safe medication levels and to keep side effects to a minimum.

Behavioural Management

Because rage syndrome is a neurological condition, traditional behaviour modification techniques such as positive training and counter conditioning will not be effective R23. Behaviour management for this condition involves keeping stress to a minimum and desensitization to a muzzle that can be used to ensure safety when in public or with visitors or other animals R24. It’s just as important to focus on proper nutrition, exercise and over all wellness to make sure the dog is as healthy as possible and all its needs are met.

Environmental Management

Providing a calm and predictable environment can help lower stress and reduce the risk of aggressive episodes R25. Promoting the dog’s wellbeing with consistent routines, accessible safe spaces for retreat or confinement during visits and regular exercise can help minimize neurological triggers R25.

Management also includes avoiding situations that could be dangerous for the dog or those around it during a seizure R24 and securing the home and yard to prevent escape.

Veterinary Monitoring

Regular veterinary check-ups are necessary for dogs with rage syndrome including blood tests to keep track of liver function and effects of medications on behaviour as well as to adjust treatment as required R26. The purpose of these visits is to ensure the dog is getting the safest and most effective treatment possible

Prognosis

​Because every dog is different there are no guarantees and response to treatment will vary. Some dogs will become stable and live safe and happy lives while others will continue to have seizures. Some believe that early diagnosis, treatment and management can improve outcome and quality of life R17.

Because idiopathic aggression has not been diagnosed and can’t be predicted, it can be difficult to manage R28. Without a diagnosis and due to the nature of the attacks, our main focus remains not only on finding the cause but also on the safety of everyone involved through behavioural and environmental management.

Medical Treatment

Although the cause cannot be identified, some veterinarians will recommend Prozac to help minimize anxiety and impulsivity or Clomicalm, which is an anti-depressant commonly used for separation anxiety and other behaviour problems. Any medication prescribed for these purposes needs to be monitored on a regular basis to evaluate effectiveness and minimize potential side effects R30.

Behavioural Management

When treating idiopathic aggression, behaviour modification is important unless or until a cause is determined. Techniques include positive reinforcement training, desensitization, counter-conditioning and impulse control exercises R31. Desensitization to a muzzle may be necessary for safety when required. Also important is keeping stress to a minimum and avoiding high-arousal situations that could trigger the aggression. 

When selecting a behaviour expert to work with, always make sure you choose someone who is educated, qualified and experienced and only uses 100% positive methods to prevent negativity from increasing stress, anxiety and aggression. It’s just as important to focus on nutrition, exercise and over all health to ensure that all the dog’s needs are met.

Environmental Management

Maintaining a calm and predictable environment can help lower stress and lessen the likelihood of aggressive episodes R25. Supporting the dog’s wellbeing through consistent routines, designated safe spaces and regular exercise can help reduce neurological triggers R25. Effective management also includes avoiding situations and environments that could be dangerous for the dog or those around it R24 and securing the home and yard to prevent escape R32.

Veterinary Monitoring

If the dog is being treated with pharmaceuticals, veterinary follow-ups will be required to monitor progress, effects of mediations on behaviour and potential side effects. Check ups will also be used to monitor blood work and rule out other medical conditions that could exacerbate the problem R33.

Prognosis

Because every dog is different, prognosis and response to treatment will vary. When utilizing behaviour modification, behavioural and environmental management as well as medications when necessary, many dogs will thrive and live happy lives without further incidents. Without treatment, episodes can increase in frequency and intensity R34.

​Cause

• Rage Syndrome – Neurological (Seizure-Related)
• Idiopathic Aggression – Unidentified

Age Of Onset

• Rage Syndrome – Usually 1 to 3 years
• Idiopathic Aggression – Any age

Awareness

• Rage Syndrome – Unaware of its behaviour during an episode
• Idiopathic Aggression – Aware of its behaviour during an episode

Symptoms

• Rage Syndrome – Unpredictable, sudden aggression, glazed eyes, disassociated, trance-like state and possible confusion afterward
• Idiopathic Aggression – Unpredictable and sudden aggression, fully aware before, during and after an attack

Breed Predisposition

• Rage Syndrome – Most common in Bull Terriers, English Cocker Spaniels, English Springer Spaniels, German Shepherds, Doberman Pinschers and Chesapeake Bay Retrievers
• Idiopathic Aggression – Any breed

Diagnosis

• Rage Syndrome – EEG, MRI and neurological evaluation
• Idiopathic Aggression – Process of elimination for medical and behavioural causes

Treatment

• Rage Syndrome – Medical, behavioural and environmental management
• Idiopathic Aggression – Behaviour modification, possible medical intervention, behavioural and environmental management

​Although some choose to re-home a dog that’s aggressive, this is irresponsible and on par with passing on a loaded gun. Re-homing is only acceptable when the dog can be re-homed with an informed, qualified and positive behaviour expert or a rescue group with a qualified foster R11. Euthanasia should be regarded as a last resort and considered only when the dog shows no improvement, its quality of life is compromised and safety can no longer be guaranteed R27. Understanding whether a dog’s aggression is behavioural or neurological is important to making the right treatment choices, because treating rage syndrome as behavioural will fail and assuming neurological causes where there are none will take you in the wrong direction to solving or managing your problem. 

When there are obvious triggers causing aggression it must be treated with behaviour modification. Sudden, unpredictable aggression along with confusion after the incident could indicate rage syndrome and will require veterinary intervention R13 R14. When a dog is aware before, during and after aggressive outbursts but triggers can’t be identified the aggression is labeled idiopathic until a cause is found R15 R16. Your first step is to consult an educated, qualified, experienced and positive behaviour expert, followed by a veterinary visit to rule out any physiological causes. Understanding the difference between behavioural aggression, idiopathic aggression and rage syndrome is essential to searching for and applying the correct treatment and management plan R12. Having a clear understanding of the issue will help to alleviate stress when the guardian has a pro-active plan for their dog’s aggression. It will also help to nurture a better relationship between the dog and guardian and a stronger bond built on mutual trust and respect. For more information about the vagus nerve see my article Healing The Vagus Nerve In Dogs.  

​R1: Dodman, N. H. (1996). The Dog Who Loved Too Much. Bantam Books. Discussion of rage syndrome and seizure-related aggression in dogs.
R2: Beaver, B. V. (2009). Canine Behaviour: Insights and Answers. Saunders Elsevier. Explanation of behavioural vs neurological aggression.
R3: Podell, M. (1995). Seizures in dogs: classification, pathophysiology, and management. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 206(4), 477-482.
R4: Overall, K. L. (2013). Manual of Clinical Behavioural Medicine for Dogs and Cats. Elsevier. Review of breed predispositions and behaviour.
R5: Platt, S., & Olby, N. (2013). BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Neurology. BSAVA. Veterinary diagnostic approaches for neurological conditions.
R6: Blackwell, E. J., & Casey, R. A. (2006). Pathophysiology of canine aggression. The Veterinary Journal, 172(2), 188-201.
R7: Oxford English Dictionary. (2023). Idiopathic. Oxford University Press. Definition of idiopathic.
R8: Landsberg, G. M., Hunthausen, W., & Ackerman, L. J. (2012). Behaviour Problems of the Dog and Cat. Saunders Elsevier. Diagnostic approaches for aggression.
R9: Houpt, K. A. (2007). Domestic Animal Behaviour for Veterinarians and Animal Scientists. Wiley-Blackwell. Discussion of aggression without cause.
R10: Reisner, I. R. (2003). Differential diagnosis and management of aggression in dogs. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 33(2), 303-320.
R11: McGreevy, P., & Bennett, P. (2010). Challenges in dog ownership: Managing unpredictable aggression. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 125(3-4), 120-127.
R12: Bamberger, M., & Houpt, K. A. (2006). Signalment factors, comorbidity, and trends in behaviour diagnoses in dogs: 1,644 cases (1991–2001). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 229(10), 1591-1601.
R13: Overall, K.L. (1997). Clinical Behavioural Medicine for Small Animals. Mosby-Year Book.
R14: PetCareRx Staff Veterinarian DVM. (2025). What Is Rage Syndrome in Dogs?. PetCareRx. https://www.petcarerx.com/article/what-is-rage-syndrome-in-dogs/1611
R15: MSD Veterinary Manual. (2025). Behaviour Problems in Dogs. MSD Veterinary Manual. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/dog-owners/behaviour-of-dogs/behaviour-problems-in-dogs
R16: Whole Dog Journal Staff. (2024). Idiopathic Aggression in Dogs. Whole Dog Journal. https://www.whole-dog-journal.com/behaviour/idiopathic-aggression-in-dogs/
R17: Wagwalking. (n.d.). Rage syndrome. https://wagwalking.com/condition/rage-syndrome
R18: PetCareRx. (n.d.). What is rage syndrome in dogs? https://www.petcarerx.com/article/what-is-rage-syndrome-in-dogs/1611
R19: Stories.TAMU. (2024). Is your dog aggressive? A Texas A&M vet explains rage syndrome. https://stories.tamu.edu/news/2024/04/02/is-your-dog-aggressive-a-texas-am-vet-explains-rage-syndrome/
R20: AVMA Journals. (1992). Rage syndrome in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 201(10), 1580. https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/201/10/javma.1992.201.10.1580.pdf
R21: MSD Veterinary Manual. (n.d.). Anticonvulsants for treatment of animals. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/pharmacology/systemic-pharmacotherapeutics-of-the-nervous-system/anticonvulsants-for-treatment-of-animals
R22: PubMed Central. (2020). Use of fluoxetine for impulsivity and aggression in dogs. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7278467/
R23: VCA Hospitals. (n.d.). Dog behaviour problems: aggression – getting started, safety and management. https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/dog-behaviour-problems—aggression—getting-started—safety-and-management
R24: Waggel. (n.d.). Dealing with rage syndrome in dogs. https://www.waggel.co.uk/blog/post/dealing-with-cockapoo-rage-syndrome
R25: Cuddly Tails. (n.d.). Rage syndrome in dogs: causes, management, and care tips. https://www.cuddlytails.com/blogs/rage-syndrome-in-dogs
R26: Wagwalking. (n.d.). Rage syndrome veterinary monitoring. https://wagwalking.com/condition/rage-syndrome
R27: Wagwalking. (n.d.). Prognosis of rage syndrome. https://wagwalking.com/condition/rage-syndrome
R28: Whole Dog Journal. (2024). Idiopathic aggression in dogs. Retrieved from https://www.whole-dog-journal.com/behaviour/idiopathic-aggression-in-dogs/
R29: PubMed Central. (2020). Behavioural therapy and fluoxetine treatment in aggressive dogs. Retrieved from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7278467/
R30: The Spruce Pets. (2019). Clomipramine (Clomicalm) for dogs. Retrieved from https://www.thesprucepets.com/clomipramine-for-dogs-5071412
R31: DVM360. (2009). Canine aggression toward people: Prevention and resolution. Retrieved from https://www.dvm360.com/view/canine-aggression-toward-people-prevention-and-resolution-proceedings
R32: VCA Hospitals. (n.d.). Dog behaviour problems: aggression – diagnosis and overview. Retrieved from https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/dog-behaviour-problems-aggression-diagnosis-and-overview
R33: Merck Veterinary Manual. (n.d.). Behaviour problems in dogs. Retrieved from https://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/behaviour-of-dogs/behaviour-problems-in-dogs
R34: The Spruce Pets. (2010). How to stop dog aggression: Real strategies that work. Retrieved from https://www.thesprucepets.com/how-to-stop-dog-aggression-1118229
R35: Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company. Explains the role of the vagus nerve in emotional regulation and behaviour.
R36: Dodman, N. H. (2010). Dogs with aggression: Understanding and treating rage syndrome and idiopathic aggression. Animal Behaviour Clinic Publications. Discusses neurological and physiological contributors to canine aggression.
R37: Breit, S., Kupferberg, A., Rogler, G., & Hasler, G. (2018). Vagus nerve as modulator of the brain–gut axis in psychiatric and inflammatory disorders. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 44. Examines parasympathetic nervous system regulation and vagus nerve function.
R38: Thayer, J. F., & Sternberg, E. (2006). Beyond heart rate variability: Vagal regulation of allostatic systems. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1088(1), 361–372. Describes vagus nerve influence on heart rate and inflammation.
R39: Levine, G. N., et al. (2017). Lifestyle management of the vagus nerve and stress: Implications for mental and physical health. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 69(20), 2477–2486. Discusses lifestyle strategies to enhance vagal tone and stress resilience.
R40: Case, L. P., et al. (2016). Canine and feline behavior for veterinary technicians and nurses (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. Covers behavioural management and the importance of nervous system balance in reducing aggression.
R41: Overall, K. L. (2013). Manual of clinical behavioral medicine for dogs and cats. Elsevier. Provides insight into idiopathic aggression and neurological causes.
R42: Dodman, N. H., Shuster, L., & Horwitz, D. (1996). Rage syndrome in dogs: Clinical features and management. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 208(5), 806–811. Focuses on rage syndrome, triggers, and seizure correlation.
R43: Horowitz, A. (2009). Inside of a dog: What dogs see, smell, and know. Scribner. Explains how social interactions and routines influence canine stress.
R44: McGreevy, P., & Nicol, C. (2010). The playful dog: Exercise, enrichment, and training for behaviour management. Trafalgar Square Publishing. Discusses exercise, enrichment, and positive reinforcement in supporting nervous system balance.
R45: Rooney, N. J., & Cowan, S. (2011). Training methods and owner–dog interactions: Links to behaviour and welfare. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 6(5), 213–220. Examines enrichment and training effects on canine stress regulation.
R46: Rehman, A., et al. (2016). The gut–brain axis: Interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems. Annals of Gastroenterology, 29(2), 132–139. Explains the gut–vagus connection.
R47: Bravo, J. A., et al. (2011). Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(38), 16050–16055. Demonstrates diet influence on vagal function and stress.
R48: Wells, D. L. (2009). The effects of natural environments on the behavior and welfare of animals. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(4), 429–438. Highlights the calming effects of outdoor natural environments on stress.

Photo by Alexas_Fotos on Unsplash

By Norma Jeanne Laurette ​

Red Blood Cells (RBCs) to rule out anemia R60.

White Blood Cells (WBCs) to rule out elevations that could indicate infection or inflammation. Stress can also affect WBC counts R60.
​
Platelets to rule out low levels that can indicate clotting disorders or systemic disease R60.

Kidney Values (BUN, Creatinine) to rule out elevated levels that could indicate kidney disease R60.

Liver Enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT) to rule out abnormal levels that could indicate liver disease R60.

Proteins (Total Protein, Albumin, Globulin) to rule out altered levels that could indicate liver or kidney disease, chronic inflammation, immune disorders or malnutrition R60.

Blood Glucose to rule out hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia R60.

Electrolytes (Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Calcium) to rule out imbalances R60.

Phosphorus to rule out elevated levels that could indicate kidney disease R60.

Cholesterol to rule out high levels that could be associated with hypothyroidism R60.

Total T4 to rule out low levels that could indicate hypothyroidism R61.

Free T4 to rule out low levels that could indicate hypothyroidism R61.

eThyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) to rule out elevated levels that could indicate primary hypothyroidism, which affects the thyroid itself and low levels could indicate secondary hypothyroidism, which affects the pituitary gland R61.

Thyroglobulin Autoantibodies (TGAA) to rule out the presence that could suggest autoimmune thyroiditis R61.

Pre and post-prandial Bile Acids to rule out elevated levels that could indicate liver disease or portosystemic shunts R62.

Ammonia to rule out increased levels that could lead to hepatic encephalopathy R62.

Magnesium to rule out low or high levels that could affect neuromuscular function R63.
​
Ionized CalciumIonized Calcium to rule out abnormal levels that could indicate endocrine disorders, kidney disease or cancer R63.

Protein to rule out the presence that could indicate kidney disease or systemic illness R61.

Cortisol to rule out elevated levels that could indicate Cushing’s disease (hyperadrenocorticism) R61.

Toxicology Screen to rule out exposure to toxins or heavy metals R61.

R60: ToeGrips. (n.d.). Understanding blood tests for dogs: Blood chemistry, CBC, and more.
Retrieved from https://toegrips.com/blood-tests-for-dogs/
R61: Laboklin. (n.d.). Laboratory tests for dogs and cats with behavioural problems. Retrieved
from https://laboklin.com/en/laboratory-tests-for-dogs-and-cats-with-behavioural-problems/
R62: WagWalking. (n.d.). Brain disorder due to liver disease in dogs. Retrieved from
https://wagwalking.com/condition/brain-disorder-due-to-liver-disease
R63: VetClinicMission. (2017). Understanding your pet's diagnostic testing. Retrieved from
https://vetclinicmission.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Understanding-Your-Pets-Diagnostic-Testing.pdf
​
Photo by Karsten Winegeart on Unsplash

By Norma Jeanne Laurette ​

For many guardians, dogs are no longer just pets – they are beloved members of the family. They bring us joy and unconditional love and in return we want what’s best for them including good health and happiness. Like us, dogs have feelings and emotions, and are susceptible to the effects of stress and anxiety, which can significantly impact their physical health, emotional wellbeing, behaviour and quality of life.

For guardians, understanding how our dogs are feeling is essential when taking proactive steps to support their wellbeing. For dog trainers and behaviour therapists, it’s essential to adapt training and behaviour modification programs that nurture positive emotions and reduce stress. This approach helps prevent contributing to the problem and supports long-term, successful outcomes.

​When dogs experience stress, it triggers physiological changes that raise cortisol levels and activates the ‘fight or flight’ survival response. If this occurs repeatedly, it can have serious consequences for the dog. Research has shown that chronic stress weakens the immune system, leaving dogs more vulnerable to infections, chronic illness and slower recovery from injuries R1.

​Chronically elevated cortisol levels have also been linked to gastrointestinal upset including anorexia, diarrhea and vomiting R2. Stress is associated with skin conditions that can lead to excessive scratching, licking and even self-mutilation R3. It can also raise blood pressure and heart rate, increasing the risk of long-term cardiovascular disease R4. Stress and anxiety compromise a dog’s physical health and emotional wellbeing, leading to unnecessary suffering and potentially shortening their lifespan.

Stress and anxiety in dogs can manifest in many ways, including withdrawal, irritability, depression, destructive behaviours, fear and even aggression. A once energetic, social and playful dog can become fatigued, losing interest in play, toys and interactions with people and other dogs R5.

It can also lead to hyperactivity, excessive barking, panting and destructive chewing, as well as compulsive behaviours such as licking, tail chasing and pacing. Stress can trigger fears and phobias of loud noises, unfamiliar people, other dogs or animals and environmental changes. When a fearful dog cannot remove itself, it could escalate to fear aggression, including snarling, growling, snapping and biting R6.
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When guardians are unaware of the cause of these behaviours they often mistake the dog as disobedient and punish them, which only increases the stress and exacerbates the problem. Recognizing that the dog is distressed is necessary to helping the dog and resolving its issues.

​Many people are unaware of the significant impact they have on their dog’s stress level. While varied routines can help build resilience, dogs unaccustomed to change can react negatively and experience increased stress and anxiety. Major life changes such as moving to a new home, someone moving in or out or conflict between family members can deeply affect a dog’s emotional state. Confinement for extended periods of time can lead to severe anxiety, while being left alone for long stretches can trigger separation anxiety. Both can result in vocalizations, destructive behaviour, escape attempts and even self-harm R3.

Dogs read us much better than we read them and are highly sensitive to our emotional shifts. They gather information not only from our vocalizations and body language but also our macro and micro expressions and scent R27. 

When people experience stress, fear or anger, our bodies release hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline, which alter our body chemistry and change the volatile compounds in our odour R28. When happy or excited, we release dopamine, oxytocin and other neurochemicals that also influence scent compounds. When these chemical changes occur, our dogs are able to smell our emotional state through subtle changes in the scent of our breath, sweat and skin secretions R29.

Research has proven that dogs can distinguish between human scents produced under different emotional states and often adjust their own behaviour in response. For example, dogs exposed to fear-related human odours have shown signs of stress and increased alertness, while those exposed to scents linked with happiness have shown relaxed and social bonding behaviours R25 R26. This extraordinary sensitivity proves the deep emotional connection between us and our dogs, as well as the importance of maintaining a consistently positive presence around them. 

When people become upset in response to their dog’s distress, it can add to its anxiety resulting in a negative emotional feedback loop. The guardian upsets the dog, the dog upsets the guardian and around it goes R24. I firmly believe that when our dogs are stressed, anxious or fearful, they need to know they can always count on us to be there for them however, becoming stressed ourselves, overreacting or forcing ourselves on them while attempting to comfort them can increase their stress and anxiety R6. This is just one more reason it’s so important to learn about canine communication and body language, in order to understand how our dogs are feeling at a glance and make things better for them, not worse. For more information about micro-expressions, see my article Micro-Expressions in Dogs​ R46. To learn more about Emotional Feedback Loops, refer to our first book, Blueprint to a Happy Dog R24.

​Helping our dogs recover from stress and anxiety requires a combination of pro-active strategies that include both environmental management and meeting all the dog’s physical and emotional needs.

​When rehabilitating a stressed or anxious dog it’s important to follow a predictable and positive daily routine to help the dog feel grounded, safe and secure. This includes consistent exercise and play schedules as well as feeding the dog at the same times every day. When a dog can anticipate what’s going to happen and when, and they are all positive experiences, it nurtures a calm and happy dog R1. Once the dog’s nervous system has returned to normal you can begin to vary your routines again if required.

​Regular and sufficient exercise is essential for preventing and managing stress in dogs. Activities such as walking, playing and training not only burn off excess energy and lower cortisol levels, they also boost endorphins, improve mood, enhance sleep quality and promote emotional resilience in dogs R8.

​Creating a safe space for a dog to retreat to when stressed or overwhelmed can help manage stress and anxiety. This space can also be used to temporarily confine the dog if someone or something in the home might add to its stress such as visitors, moving furniture, renovations or other environmental changes. The safe space should be secluded, comfortable and calm. It should be located in a low-traffic area and include a variety of enrichment options for the dog to engage in if it so chooses. Because small, enclosed areas increase stress for some dogs, the size of the safe space should be adjusted to the needs of the individual dog.

​Punishment-based training methods have been proven to cause and increase stress and anxiety. These unpleasant emotions inhibit one’s ability to think, learn, remember, problem solve and make choices, which is clearly counter-productive to the learning process. It damages the human/canine trust bond as well as the dog’s emotional wellbeing. On the other hand, positive training teaches and reinforces desired behaviours, it motivates and rewards a dog for making correct choices and gives the dog a sense of accomplishment. While punishment-based training damages a dog’s emotional wellbeing and trust bond, positive training builds confidence and nurtures mutual respect as it strengthens the human/canine trust bond R24. For more information about the difference between punishment-based and scientifically proven positive training methods see my article entitled Positive Dog Training – Science | Ethics | Results R46 and refer to our first book Blueprint to a Happy Dog R24.

​Systematic desensitization and counter conditioning go hand in hand and are the go to techniques that positive canine behaviour therapists use to rehabilitate stressed, anxious and fearful dogs. Properly applied, these techniques are highly effective. 

Once you’ve identified what triggers the stress, anxiety or fear you can use systematic desensitization to gradually expose the dog to the trigger at a very low intensity, gradually raising the intensity as the dog achieves success and remains calm. 

The counter conditioning aspect changes the dog’s emotional reaction to the trigger and creates pleasant emotions by pairing the trigger with something the dog enjoys such as food or fun R5 R24.
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If the trigger is something the dog should not be exposed to or should not have to tolerate, the humane thing to do is protect the dog from that trigger. For more information about Systematic Desensitization and Counter Conditioning refer to our first book Blueprint to a Happy Dog R24.

​Many are unaware of the importance of an early and thorough socialization in puppies. From 12 weeks of age, a dog’s social drive begins to fade and fear begins to set in. After 14 weeks, a puppy’s ability to form positive associations drastically decreases, which is why socializing older puppies can be more time consuming and challenging. What a puppy learns during these critical weeks, both positive and negative will have a lasting impact on its temperament, personality and behaviour for the rest of its life.

Without a proper and thorough socialization during the socialization period, a dog runs a high risk of developing behaviour problems including fears and phobias, fear of handling, over-sensitivity, sound sensitivity, separation anxiety, fear aggression, reactivity both on and off leash, poor social and communication skills, as well as anti-social behaviours toward both dogs and people. These issues can significantly impact stress and anxiety, the dog’s emotional wellbeing and quality of life, as well as creating challenges for their guardians   R24. An early, positive and thorough socialization can prevent these problems. For more information about socialization, see my article entitled Socialization – Why It’s More Important Than Dog Training R46 or refer to our first book Blueprint to a Happy Dog R24.
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That said, even if socialization was lacking in puppyhood or the dog has experienced trauma, a slow, careful and guided re-socialization can help increase confidence and resilience as well as lower stress and anxiety. Although you will never achieve what you would have, had the socialization process occurred during the critical period development, when implemented properly, re-socialization can improve the situation for both dog and guardian R6.

​Rehabilitating a dog dealing with chronic stress or serve anxiety can be a challenge for those who are not familiar with canine behaviour therapy techniques. In such cases, contacting an educated, experienced and positive behaviour expert could be invaluable, as a qualified professional will create a program tailored to the needs of the individual situation and dog. Although we avoid pharmaceuticals for ourselves and our dogs whenever possible, there are times when an anti-anxiety medication may be helpful to provide temporary relief for the dog while working through the behaviour modification process R5.

​Due to the side effects of pharmaceuticals, I for one always explore safe, holistic options before considering medication for any physical or emotional issue. Many people swear by these approaches, which can offer natural ways to assist in reducing stress and anxiety. While they are not cures in their own right, they can serve as valuable adjuncts along with behaviour modification to help reduce stress and anxiety and the associated behaviours R3.

​Essential oils such as lavender and chamomile come in sprays and diffusers and can have a calming effect on some dogs. It’s always important to do your research before trying essential oils and scents to identify which are safe and which are toxic, as toxic oils can prove fatal to dogs. It’s also important to keep them out of reach to prevent ingestion and ensure proper ventilation when in use R1.

​Gentle and slow massage can help reduce stress and anxiety by lowering heart rate and cortisol levels to promote relaxation. Tellington TTouch® was designed for this purpose and has proven to be helpful for many dogs R4.

​Acupuncture and energy-based therapies such as Reiki have been used to help reduce stress in dogs by stimulating specific points on the dog’s body to balance energy flow, for the purpose of addressing anxiety-related behaviours such as restlessness and aggression R38. A 2016 study found acupuncture helped dogs relax while going through veterinary procedures and reported reduced signs of stress R38. These therapies require a qualified, trained practitioner and should be used along with behaviour modification R39.

​Music created specifically for dogs can have a calming effect, while music, white noise, radio or television can help mask sounds that cause stress and anxiety, such as construction, thunderstorms or fireworks R8. Research has proven that certain genres of music are more effective than others, such as classical music – especially songs with a slow tempo and soft dynamics. This music has been found to decrease stress and anxiety and promote relaxation, with dogs breathing slower and pacing less, compared to other music genres R41. Dogs have also shown positive responses to some reggae and soft rock, with increased relaxation and reduced activity levels R42.

​When dogs suffer from stress and anxiety, nervous system health becomes important R10 R11. Promoting a healthy vagus nerve in dogs involves supporting both their physical and emotional wellbeing. Healing and supporting the vagus nerve can play a major role in rehabilitating dogs suffering from stress, anxiety and fear R10 R11. The vagus nerve is the body’s main regulator of the parasympathetic nervous system, which reduces stress R12. When the vagus nerve is functioning well, it helps lower heart rate, reduce inflammation and calm high states of arousal in the brain and body R12 R13. Because anxiety can be caused by an imbalance in the nervous system, supporting a healthy vagus nerve can help restore balance, allowing dogs to shift from a chronic fight-or-flight state to a calmer, more stable emotional state R14. This shift helps provide a foundation for healthier behavioural responses R15.

Gentle, positive interactions such as calm stroking, light massage and play – help build trust and promote relaxation in dogs, while consistent daily routines provide a sense of security and reduces stress R14 R18. Regular exercise combined with enrichment activities and positive training supports a balanced nervous system and overall emotional wellbeing R19 R29. Additional strategies including canine massage, acupressure and safe chewing options offer further opportunities to soothe and calm the dog. Time spent in peaceful, natural outdoor environments, especially where dogs can explore and sniff, has been shown to lower stress hormone levels R23. Supporting gut health through a high-quality, natural diet strengthens the connection between the gut and the nervous system R21 R22. Together, these approaches nurture vagal tone and overall resilience in dogs R14 R20.

By supporting a healthy vagus nerve, a dog’s nervous system will be better equipped to control its emotions and impulses R10 R15. Strengthening the vagus nerve doesn’t replace behaviour modification but instead complements it by creating the physiological conditions required for healing and rehabilitation R14 R19.

​R1: PetMD. (2025). Dog Anxiety: Signs, Causes, and Treatment. Retrieved from https://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/behavioural/dog-anxiety
R2: VCA Hospitals. (2024). Signs Your Dog is Stressed and How to Relieve It. Retrieved from https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/signs-your-dog-is-stressed-and-how-to-relieve-it
R3: Blue Cross. (2023). Stress in Dogs. Retrieved from https://www.bluecross.org.uk/advice/dog/behaviour-and-training/stress-in-dogs
R4: Trupanion. (2025). Signs of Stress & Anxiety in Dogs: What to Look For. Retrieved from https://www.trupanion.com/en-ca/pet-blog/article/dog-stress-anxiety-signs
R5: American Kennel Club. (2025). Anxiety in Dogs: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment. Retrieved from https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/treating-dog-anxiety/
R6: Tufts Veterinary School. (2024). Understanding Anxiety in Dogs. Retrieved from https://vet.tufts.edu/news-events/news/anxiety-dogs
R7: The Times. (2024). Dogs Can Smell Human Stress, Study Shows. Retrieved from https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/dogs-smell-human-emotions-stress-study-6g3h6cw0z
R8: Diggs Pet. (2024). Ease Your Stressed-Out Dog. Retrieved from https://www.diggs.pet/blog/pet-parenting/ease-your-stressed-out-dog/
R9: Orting Animal Hospital. (2024). Effective Techniques for Calming a Nervous Dog. Retrieved from https://ortinganimalhospital.com/blog/effective-techniques-for-calming-a-nervous-dog/
R10: Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company. Explains the role of the vagus nerve in emotional regulation and behaviour.
R11: Dodman, N. H. (2010). Dogs with aggression: Understanding and treating rage syndrome and idiopathic aggression. Animal Behaviour Clinic Publications. Discusses neurological and physiological contributors to canine aggression.
R12: Breit, S., Kupferberg, A., Rogler, G., & Hasler, G. (2018). Vagus nerve as modulator of the brain–gut axis in psychiatric and inflammatory disorders. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 44. Examines parasympathetic nervous system regulation and vagus nerve function.
R13: Thayer, J. F., & Sternberg, E. (2006). Beyond heart rate variability: Vagal regulation of allostatic systems. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1088(1), 361–372. Describes vagus nerve influence on heart rate and inflammation.
R14: Levine, G. N., et al. (2017). Lifestyle management of the vagus nerve and stress: Implications for mental and physical health. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 69(20), 2477–2486. Discusses lifestyle strategies to enhance vagal tone and stress resilience.
R15: Case, L. P., et al. (2016). Canine and feline behaviour for veterinary technicians and nurses (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. Covers behavioural management and the importance of nervous system balance in reducing aggression.
R16: Overall, K. L. (2013). Manual of clinical behavioural medicine for dogs and cats. Elsevier. Provides insight into idiopathic aggression and neurological causes.
R17: Dodman, N. H., Shuster, L., & Horwitz, D. (1996). Rage syndrome in dogs: Clinical features and management. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 208(5), 806–811. Focuses on rage syndrome, triggers, and seizure correlation.
R18: Horowitz, A. (2009). Inside of a dog: What dogs see, smell, and know. Scribner. Explains how social interactions and routines influence canine stress.
R19: McGreevy, P., & Nicol, C. (2010). The playful dog: Exercise, enrichment, and training for behaviour management. Trafalgar Square Publishing. Discusses exercise, enrichment, and positive reinforcement in supporting nervous system balance.
R20: Rooney, N. J., & Cowan, S. (2011). Training methods and owner–dog interactions: Links to behaviour and welfare. Journal of Veterinary Behaviour, 6(5), 213–220. Examines enrichment and training effects on canine stress regulation.
R21: Rehman, A., et al. (2016). The gut–brain axis: Interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems. Annals of Gastroenterology, 29(2), 132–139. Explains the gut–vagus connection.
R22: Bravo, J. A., et al. (2011). Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behaviour and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(38), 16050–16055. Demonstrates diet influence on vagal function and stress.
R23: Wells, D. L. (2009). The effects of natural environments on the behaviour and welfare of animals. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(4), 429–438. Highlights the calming effects of outdoor natural environments on stress.
R24: Laurette. NJ. & Ceci.Greg. Blueprint To A Happy Dog. (2019). Canine Communication Styles. https://dogtrainingcareers.com/product/blueprint-to-a-happy-dog/
R25: D’Aniello, B., Semin, G. R., Alterisio, A., Aria, M., & Scandurra, A. (2018). Interspecies transmission of emotional information via chemosignals: From humans to dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Animal Cognition, 21(1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-017-1139-x — Demonstrates that dogs can detect and respond to human emotional chemosignals.
R26: Siniscalchi, M., d’Ingeo, S., Fornelli, S., & Quaranta, A. (2018). Emotional contagion in dogs as assessed by behavioural and physiological responses to human olfactory cues. Animal Cognition, 21(5), 701–709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-018-1200-0 — Shows that dogs exhibit behavioural and physiological changes when exposed to human fear and happiness odours.
R27: Siniscalchi, M., d’Ingeo, S., & Quaranta, A. (2018). The dog–human dyad: A unique interspecific bond. Animal Cognition, 21(5), 475–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-018-1176-8 — Reviews how dogs interpret human body language, facial expressions, and emotions.
R28: de Groot, J. H. B., Smeets, M. A. M., & Semin, G. R. (2017). Human fear chemosignaling: Evidence from an integrative review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 74, 321–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.010 — Shows how stress and fear-related hormones change human body odour through volatile compounds.
R29: D’Aniello, B., Semin, G. R., Alterisio, A., Aria, M., & Scandurra, A. (2018). Interspecies transmission of emotional information via chemosignals: From humans to dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Animal Cognition, 21(1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-017-1139-x — Demonstrates that dogs detect human emotional states through chemosignals in breath and sweat.
R30: Morris, E. M., Kitts-Morgan, S. E., Spangler, D. M., McLeod, K. R., & Harmon, D. L. (2019). The impact of feeding cannabidiol (CBD) containing treats on canine behavior in response to an acute stressor. Journal of the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association, 56, 22–28.
R31: Gamble, L. J., Boesch, J. M., Frye, C. W., Schwark, W. S., Mann, S., Wolfe, L., … & Wakshlag, J. J. (2018). Pharmacokinetics, safety, and clinical efficacy of cannabidiol treatment in osteoarthritic dogs. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 4(4), 327–333.
R32: Bach, E. (1936). The Twelve Healers and Other Remedies. C.W. Daniel Company Ltd.
R33: Halberstein, R. A., Sirkin, A., & de Santis, J. (2007). Herbal and homeopathic remedies in integrative veterinary practice. Journal of the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association, 26(3), 14–20.
R34: Ernst, E. (2002). Flower remedies: A systematic review of the clinical evidence. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 114(23-24), 963–966.
R35: Sheppard, G., & Mills, D. S. (2010). Evaluation of dog-appeasing pheromone as a potential treatment for dogs fearful of fireworks. Veterinary Record, 167(20), 770–774.
R36: Tiira, K., & Lohi, H. (2020). Canine anxiety and welfare: The role of exercise and enrichment. Animals, 10(4), 682.
R38: Kjelgaard, M., et al. (2016). Effects of acupuncture on stress responses in dogs during veterinary examinations. Journal of Veterinary Acupuncture, 12(1), 45–52.
R39: Schoen, A. M. (2000). Veterinary Acupuncture: Ancient Art to Modern Medicine. Mosby.
R40: Hunt, M., et al. (2023). A single dose of cannabidiol (CBD) positively influences measures of canine stress during separation and car travel. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1112604
R41: Anderson, E. (2023). Sound Masking to Help Dogs with a Noise Phobia or Anxiety. Whole Dog Journal. Retrieved from https://www.whole-dog-journal.com/behavior/noise-canceling-for-dogs/
R42: Wells, D. L. (2002). The influence of auditory stimulation on the behaviour of dogs housed in a rescue shelter. Animal Welfare, 11(4), 385-393. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168159122001460
R43: Bowman, A., Dowell, F. J., & Evans, N. P. (2017). The effect of different genres of music on the stress levels of kennelled dogs. Physiology & Behavior, 171, 1-5. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168159125002643
R44: American Kennel Club. (2024). White Noise Machines for Dogs: Everything You Need to Know. Retrieved from https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/home-living/white-noise-machines-for-dogs/
R45: Mathie, R. T., & Clausen, J. (2015). Veterinary homeopathy: Meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials. Homeopathy, 104(1), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.homp.2014.11.001
R46: Canine Correspondence Studies website – Articles – https://dogtrainingcareers.com/articles-and-blog/

Photos by Charity Gilmore