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By Norma Jeanne Laurette  Table of Contents
The Hidden Dangers of Processed Dog KibbleMany dog guardians are unaware that all processed kibble contains low-nutrient fillers and/or harmful ingredients, which can lead to health issues ranging from allergies and gastrointestinal problems to cancer and an untimely death R47. How we feel is reflected in our behaviour and likewise, if our dog is unwell, we can’t expect it to behave in a friendly and happy manner. Like us, dogs suffer from many preventable diseases caused by stress and anxiety, environmental, medicinal and vaccine-related toxins, lack of exercise and of course, poor diet R48. Good nutrition is essential for our health and is equally important for our dogs. Although we have the right to make poor choices for ourselves, we are entirely responsible for our dogs and do not have the right to knowingly or intentionally harm them. Thankfully, since dogs are now considered members of the family, their health is being taken more seriously R1 R49. Most processed foods are not healthy for people or dogs. Responsible guardians maintain their own health, not only because we value good health but also because our dogs are counting on us and if we get sick, they suffer. Feeding both of us a natural, nutritious diet drastically increases the likelihood of a long, healthy life while reducing the risk of illness R50. Before kibble was introduced in 1956 for convenience, dogs ate what their guardians ate – meat, vegetables and fruit R51. Since then, there has been a significant increase in illness that has been directly linked to harmful ingredients in processed dog food R52. Home-cooked or raw is healthiest, but if kibble is your only option, it’s essential to examine the ingredients carefully in order to make informed choices. The safest and most nutritious kibbles are costly, while inexpensive brands tend to be the least nutritious and most harmful. That said, even some of the most popular and recommended “premier” brands of kibble contain harmful ingredients. While some are better than others, the truth is that even the healthiest brands of kibble come with risk, especially food that undergoes high-heat processing (extrusion), as it destroys nutrients and creates harmful by-products such as advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs can result in food sensitivities, allergies, digestive issues, joint problems, chronic diseases, obesity, diabetes, kidney disease, leaky gut syndrome, autoimmune disorders and even cancer R60. While no processed kibble is completely free of risk, cold-pressed, freeze-dried and air-dried foods reduce some of the risks associated with high-heat processing R61. Although these alternatives are healthier than traditional kibble, they are not risk-free. Risks associated with these preferred options include nutritional imbalance, bacterial contamination resulting in Salmonella, Listeria and E. coli, parasitic contamination, digestive issues, dehydration, as well as health issues associated with rancidity, spoilage and mould R62. If your choice is to feed kibble, choosing a reputable brand, understanding ingredients, ensuring proper storage and monitoring your dog’s health is essential to minimizing potential risks R63. A well-balanced diet supports a healthy weight, shiny coat, strong joints, a robust immune system and a happy dog. High-quality protein, healthy fats and essential vitamins in balance contribute to a dog’s overall vitality. By prioritizing proper nutrition and making informed dietary choices, dog owners can significantly enhance their dog’s quality of life and longevity R2. AllergiesMany dogs suffer from food sensitivities or allergies, affecting their digestion, skin, coat and even behaviour. Common culprits include chicken, beef, lamb, wheat, corn, soy, dairy and eggs R64. Symptoms range from excessive licking, chewing and skin irritation to digestive issues such as vomiting, diarrhea and loss of appetite. Food-related discomfort can also cause behavioural changes, including restlessness, irritability and aggression R65 R87. Dog guardians often overlook the link between diet and health, mistakenly attributing symptoms to behavioural issues or environmental factors. When a dog exhibits unexplained health or behaviour changes, considering food ingredients as well as food sensitivities or allergies is always essential. Switching to a limited-ingredient or hypoallergenic diet, such as one based on proteins like duck, venison, or hydrolyzed protein formulas, can help identify and manage food-related issues. Hydrolyzed proteins are proteins that are broken down into smaller fragments making them less likely to trigger an immune response. An elimination diet and allergy testing can provide further clarity R66. Harmful Ingredients In KibbleWhen choosing to feed kibble, selecting the right food is essential for your dog’s short and long-term health. Many commercial kibbles contain harmful additives, fillers and low-quality ingredients that can negatively impact a dog’s health. Understanding these ingredients can help guardians make better choices for their dogs. Harmful PreservativesBHA & BHT – Artificial preservatives linked to health problems including, but not limited to, liver and kidney damage and cancer R3. Ethoxyquin – Artificial preservative linked to health problems including, but not limited to, liver and kidney damage and cancer R3. Low Quality FillersCorn – A common allergen with minimal nutritional value, often difficult for dogs to digest. Linked to health problems including but not limited to, allergies, digestive issues, obesity and diabetes R4. Wheat Gluten – Frequently used in lower-quality foods, it can be hard to digest and may contribute to allergies. Linked to health problems including but not limited to, allergies, digestive issues, obesity and diabetes R4. Cellulose – A filler derived from wood pulp that provides no nutritional benefits. Linked to health problems including, but not limited to digestive issues and nutrient absorption problems R4. Questionable Meat SourcesUnidentified Meat – Could come from various sources, including low-quality or contaminated meat from slaughterhouse waste, dead farm animals, road kill and euthanized pets. Linked to health problems including, but not limited to digestive issues, allergies, liver and kidney damage and cancer R5. Meat Meal & Meat Bone Meal – Rendered animal tissues that may be of poor quality and contain harmful contaminants. Could come from various sources, including low-quality or contaminated meat such as slaughterhouse waste, dead farm animals, road kill and euthanized pets. Linked to health problems including, but not limited to digestive issues, bone and joint problems, liver and kidney damage and cancer R5. Meat By-Products – Can include leftover animal parts like bones, hair, blood and intestines, some of which may be harmful. Could come from various sources, including low-quality or contaminated meat such as slaughterhouse waste, dead farm animals, road kill and euthanized pets. Linked to health problems including, but not limited to digestive issues, allergies, liver and kidney damage and cancer R5. Other Harmful AdditivesSugar & Sweeteners – Can lead to health problems including but not limited to obesity, diabetes, dental problems and even behavioural changes. Xylitol is extremely toxic to dogs and can cause neurological problems, seizures or death R6. Artificial Food Colouring (Red 40, Blue 2, Yellow 5 & 6) – Linked to health issues including, but not limited to allergies, hyperactivity, organ damage and cancer R6. Soy Products – Known allergens. Linked to health problems including, but not limited to allergies, digestive and thyroid issues R6. Propylene Glycol – Used to retain moisture in kibble. Linked to health problems including, but not limited to anemia, neurological problems, allergies and organ damage R6. Propyl Gallate – A preservative. Linked to health problems including, but not limited to, allergies, liver and kidney disease, DNA damage and cancer R6. Excess Salt – Linked to health problems including, but not limited to high blood pressure, kidney damage and serious conditions such as bloat, seizures, heart disease and stroke R6. GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms) – Issues stem from herbicides such as glyphosate often used on GMO crops. Linked to health problems including, but not limited to allergies, digestive issues, liver and kidney damage and cancer R6. Melamine – Melamine is a chemical additive used primarily in the production of plastics, adhesives and laminates, but it has also been found in some pet foods, particularly in the form of contaminated ingredients. Linked to health problems including but not limited to kidney damage, organ failure, reproductive problems and birth defects and has been the cause of many fatal dog food recalls R6. Essential Nutrients For Canine HealthOmega-3 Fatty Acids – Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oils and flaxseed, are crucial for maintaining a dog’s skin, coat and cognitive function. These healthy fats help reduce inflammation, promote heart health and support brain development. DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) is particularly important for puppies, aiding in brain development, while EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) helps alleviate joint inflammation and supports immune function. Benefits include shiny coat, healthy skin and improved overall wellness R7. Probiotics & Digestive Health – Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that promote a healthy gut, aid digestion and strengthen the immune system. Found in high-quality dog foods and supplements, probiotics help balance intestinal flora, improving nutrient absorption and reducing digestive issues such as gas, bloating and diarrhea. Prebiotics (fiber that nourishes probiotics) also play a key role in maintaining gut health R88. Grain Free DietWhen considering a grain-free diet, it’s important to do your research or consult with a canine nutrition expert to ensure it meets all your dog’s nutritional requirements R9. A grain-free diet for dogs has both health benefits and concerns. Benefits On the pro side, grain-free diets can be beneficial for dogs with grain allergies or sensitivities, helping to reduce issues such as skin irritation, digestive problems and inflammation R30. They often contain higher-quality protein sources and fewer fillers, which can support muscle development and overall health R31. Some owners also report improved coat condition and increased energy levels in their dogs when on a grain-free diet R32. Concerns On the cons side, certain ingredients in grain-free foods could lack the necessary levels of animal-based protein that typically provide taurine R39. Taurine is an essential amino acid that plays a critical role in several biological functions, including heart health, bile salt formation and the development of the nervous system R36. It’s particularly important for dogs as they cannot synthesize enough of it on their own and must obtain it through their diet R37. This has led to concerns that feeding grain-free diets long-term could contribute to taurine deficiency, which has been linked to heart disease R40. Some breeds, particularly large-breed dogs such as Doberman Pinschers, Golden Retrievers and Boxers may be more predisposed to taurine deficiency and related heart issues R41. If you are feeding a grain-free diet, it’s important to ensure that taurine is adequately supplied either through taurine-rich animal proteins or by supplementation as needed R42. Always consult with a canine nutrition expert if you’re concerned about taurine intake R43. Grain-free diets can be costly and are not necessarily better for all dogs, as grains provide valuable fiber and nutrients R34. Unless a dog has a confirmed grain allergy, a well-balanced diet including high-quality grains is a healthier option R35. The Dangers Of Vegan & Vegetarian Diets for DogsWhile dogs are technically omnivores and can digest both plant and animal-based foods, vegan and vegetarian diets are not ideal for their long-term health. Dogs have specific biological requirements for certain amino acids, vitamins and fats that are most bioavailable in animal products. Key nutrients such as taurine, L-carnitine, vitamin B12, and omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) are either absent or poorly absorbed from plant sources R97. Deficiencies in these nutrients can lead to serious health issues, including heart disease, muscle wasting and neurological problems R98. Plant-based diets also tend to rely heavily on carbohydrates to provide calories and bulk, which may contribute to obesity, inflammation, or insulin resistance in some dogs R99. While there are commercially available vegan dog foods that are formulated to meet AAFCO standards, these require careful balancing and often include synthetic supplements to fill nutritional gaps R100. Even then, not all dogs respond well to these diets and long-term effects are still not well studied R101. For most dogs, a diet that includes high-quality animal proteins is more natural, nutritionally complete and supports better overall health and longevity R102. Nutritional Needs & AgingA dog’s nutritional needs change as they age. Puppies require higher protein and fat content to support growth and development, while adult dogs need a more balanced, moderate diet to maintain their weight and energy levels. Senior dogs, on the other hand may benefit from diets that are lower in calories but higher in fiber to support digestive health and enriched with joint-supporting nutrients such as glucosamine. Ensuring the dog’s food matches their life stage can help prevent obesity, joint issues and other age-related conditions R10. Symptoms Of Poor NutritionPoor nutrition in dogs can manifest in various ways including lethargy, weight fluctuations, dull or brittle coat, excessive shedding and digestive disturbances such as diarrhea or vomiting. If your dog is not thriving on its current diet, these signs could indicate nutrient deficiencies, imbalance in their food and/or harmful ingredients. When observing these changes, it’s crucial to do your research or consult with a canine nutrition expert to adjust the diet or switch to home-cooked or raw R11. Ethical Sourcing & SustainabilityAs pet guardians become more environmentally aware, the ethical sourcing of ingredients in dog food is gaining attention. Many pet food brands are now offering products made with sustainably sourced meats and plant-based ingredients, aiming to minimize their environmental footprint and avoid supporting factory farming. Choosing brands that prioritize ethical sourcing not only supports sustainable practices but also ensures that the food your dog is eating is produced responsibly R12. SupplementsIn addition to a high-quality diet, some dogs benefit from supplements such as glucosamine for joint health, probiotics for digestion and omega-3 fatty acids for skin and coat health. Like us, supplements can fill nutritional gaps for our dogs or address specific health concerns such as hip dysplasia in larger breeds or arthritis in senior dogs. However, it’s important to do your research or consult with a canine nutrition expert before adding supplements to your dog’s diet, as improper use could lead to health complications R13. How To Choose The Best KibbleEnsure the protein source is clearly identified such as beef, chicken, lamb, or salmon and avoid generic terms such as meat, poultry, or meat by-products. Since chicken is a common allergen, opting for an alternative protein may be beneficial. Avoid any kibble processed using high heat and avoid harmful preservatives, additives and low-quality fillers. A kibble with a shorter, transparent and easy-to-understand ingredient list is always preferable R7. When choosing to feed kibble to your dog it’s important to choose a brand with the best nutritional balance and least harmful ingredients. As previously mentioned, no kibble is risk-free however, the safest kibbles are cold-pressed, freeze-dried, or air-dried R67. Some Brands With The Biggest Health Risks Due To High-Heat Processing R20 R61 R62 Hills Science Diet(high-heat) R64 Iams(high-heat) R65 Nutro(high-heat) R68 Purina(high-heat) R66 Royal Canin(high-heat) R67 For a list of harmful ingredients in each of these brands see below. Some Brands With Less Health Risk Due To Alternate Processing Methods R20 R61 R63 Acana(freeze-dried) R70 Nutrience(freeze-dried) R71 Open Farm(high-heat but also has freeze-dried & gently-cooked options) R69 Orijen(high-heat but also has a freeze-dried option) R74 Primal(cold-pressed) R72 Zeal Canada(air-dried, which means low-heat dehydration) R73 Home Cooked Or RawSince all processed kibble comes with some degree of health risk, many guardians choose to prepare home-cooked or raw meals for their dogs because they know exactly what is and is not in them. These meals can be conveniently frozen and thawed as needed. When considering a raw or home-cooked diet it’s essential to research safe and unsafe ingredients to ensure that balance and all nutritional requirements are met. We feed our dogs raw along with an assortment of carefully selected vegetables and fruits R68. One option is to add a fruit and vegetable supplement powder, which is designed to meet all the nutritional requirements when added to a home-cooked or raw diet R8. Raw A raw diet is a healthy option for dogs and great for finicky eaters. Proper handling, storage and food safety protocols are essential to preventing bacterial contamination such as Salmonella or E. coli however, with proper planning it’s easy to do. Always research suppliers to ensure they provide high quality, balanced ingredients that meet your dog’s nutritional needs. Raw feeding should include a variety of proteins, organ meat and bones in appropriate ratios. Adding safe and nutritious fruits, vegetables and/or a supplement can help ensure your dog receives all its essential vitamins and minerals. Doing your research or consulting a canine nutrition expert can help tailor a raw diet to your dog’s specific needs R9. For more information about feeding a raw diet see my article: Dog Nutrition Guide: A Complete Raw Dog Food Diet. Home-Cooked Preparing home-cooked meals for your dog allows you to control the ingredients and can be another great option for finicky dogs or dogs with specific illnesses, allergies or sensitivities. However, it’s important to ensure meals are nutritionally balanced as simply feeding meat and vegetables may lead to deficiencies over time. Reliable sources including canine nutrition experts and reputable pet health websites can offer well-formulated recipes that meet specific dietary requirements. Although they can be expensive, some pet stores sell pre-prepared and frozen, nutritionally complete home-cooked meals for your convenience. When cooking for your dog you may want to consider adding a canine-specific multivitamin or supplement or working with a professional to create a meal plan that supports your dog’s long-term health R10. Safe Foods To Add To Raw Or Home CookedR20 Always remember – everything in moderation. If you’re not sure which ingredients or how much of any ingredient is safe, a Google search for a reputable dog nutrition website or canine nutrition expert can answer your questions. Vegetables – Carrots, Pumpkin, Potatoes, Sweet Potatoes, Spinach, Broccoli, Green Beans, Peas, Zucchini Fruits – Blueberries, Apples (remove the seeds), Bananas, Strawberries, Watermelon (remove seeds and rind), Pineapple Grains – Rice, Oats, Quinoa Healthy Fats – Flaxseed (small amounts), Coconut Oil, Olive Oil Herbs And Spices (in moderation) – Parsley, Turmeric, Ginger, Basil Other Additives – Cooked Eggs, Plain Greek Yogurt (in moderation), Bone Broth, Chia Seeds, Garlic (in small amounts) Unsafe FoodsChocolate – Contains theobromine and caffeine both of which are toxic to dogs and can cause vomiting, diarrhea, seizures and even death R69. Grapes And Raisins – The exact toxin is unknown however, it can be very dangerous. Can cause kidney failure in dogs even in small amounts R70. Onions – Even small amounts can be harmful over time especially when fed regularly. Can damage red blood cells and cause anemia R71. Artificial Sweeteners (Aspartame, etc.) – Some artificial sweeteners are toxic to dogs. Always check labels for hidden artificial sweeteners such as xylitol, sorbitol, maltitol, aspartame, saccharin, sucralose and acesulfame. These sweeteners can cause severe hypoglycemia, liver failure, digestive and gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhea, gas and bloating, neurological issues, tremors, seizures, bladder cancer, long-term health issues and can be fatal R72. Xylitol – A sugar substitute found in many sugar-free gums, candies, baked goods and toothpaste and is EXTREMELY DANGEROUS! It can cause a rapid drop in blood sugar (hypoglycemia), seizures, liver failure and death in dogs R73. Avocado – Contains persin, which can be toxic to dogs especially in large quantities. It can cause gastrointestinal distress and other symptoms R74. Alcohol – Even small amounts of alcohol can cause severe reactions in dogs, including vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty breathing and even coma or death R75. Macadamia Nuts – Can cause symptoms such as weakness, vomiting, tremors and hyperthermia in dogs even in small quantities R76. Caffeine – Found in coffee, tea, energy drinks and chocolate, caffeine can cause restlessness, rapid breathing, heart palpitations, heart attacks and death R77. Cooked Bones – Cooked bones such as those from chicken, turkey, or beef can splinter and cause choking, severe internal injuries or perforation of the digestive tract R78. Salt – Excessive salt intake can lead to sodium ion poisoning causing symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, tremors and seizures R79. Nutmeg – Contains myristicin, which is toxic to dogs and can cause seizures, disorientation and other neurological issues R80. Citrus (Lemon, Lime, Orange) – While not typically dangerous in small amounts, citrus fruits can cause gastrointestinal upset and irritation in dogs R81. Raw Dough (Yeast) – Can expand in the stomach, causing painful bloating and potentially dangerous complications like ethanol poisoning due to fermentation R82. Coconut And Coconut Products – While coconut itself is not toxic, it can cause gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhea or an upset stomach, when given in large quantities R83. Fatty Foods And Greasy Meats – Excessive fat, particularly from bacon, sausage, or fatty cuts of meat can lead to pancreatitis – a painful and serious condition in dogs R84. Dairy (in large amounts) – While some dogs can tolerate dairy, others are lactose intolerant and may suffer from gastrointestinal upset like diarrhea and bloating R85. Tobacco And Nicotine – Can be fatal if ingested by dogs, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, drooling, rapid heartbeat and even death R86. Tomato Leaves And Stems – While ripe tomatoes are generally safe, the leaves and stems contain solanine, which can be toxic to dogs R87. Raw Eggs (if fed excessively) – While a small amount of raw egg is generally considered safe, large amounts can lead to biotin deficiency due to avidin, a protein in raw egg whites R88. High-Sugar Or High-Carb Foods – Too many sugary or carbohydrate-rich foods can lead to obesity, diabetes and other health issues over time R89. If what you’re looking for is not on this list, do your research before feeding it to your dog. Dog TreatsWhen selecting or making your own dog treats, follow the same guidelines as you would for kibble, raw, or home-cooked meals. Always avoid harmful ingredients to ensure treats are safe and healthy R90. We dehydrate our own treats using beef liver and heart, which are nutrient-rich and appealing to dogs. Freeze-dried liver is another excellent option. It’s a single-ingredient treat, easy to break into small pieces and stays fresh in your pocket, making it perfect for training sessions. For my training classes, I bake treat cakes using liver, salmon, tuna and/or sardines as the protein. The dogs absolutely love it! Stronger-smelling treats are especially effective when training with distractions R11. Frozen MealsKeeping your puppy busy can be helpful when you need to leave, time for chores or relaxation. Freezing meals in a chew toy is an effective solution for entertainment and mental stimulation and to prevent boredom R91.
Since frozen food takes time to thaw, this method can keep your puppy or dog occupied with its meal for an extended period of time R12. Finicky EatersFinicky eating in dogs has a variety of causes including health issues, food preferences and even learned behaviour R52. Some become finicky when they are constantly offered new options and begin to hold out for something better R53. Others are deterred from eating due to food sensitivities or allergies to certain ingredients, or dental issues R54. Stress, anxiety and environmental changes with many causes such as moving to a new home, stress in the home, or changes in routine can also affect a dog’s emotional wellbeing and appetite R55. Although every dog is unique and not all dogs within any breed are the same, some breeds are naturally more prone to finicky eating than others R56. Breeds That Tend To Be Finicky EatersR58 R59 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels are predisposed to food sensitivities. Chihuahuas tend to have sensitive stomachs and are lighter eaters, which can result in being more selective. Dachshunds can have preferences for particular foods making them resistant to change. Greyhounds have sensitive digestive systems causing them to be selective eaters. Maltese often prefer soft food as opposed to hard kibble. Miniature and Toy Poodles are smart dogs that can learn to manipulate their guardians into offering choices. Shih Tzus are known to develop preferences and become resistant to change. Whippets can be particular about taste and texture. Yorkshire Terriers and other small breeds are often pampered by their guardians leading to picky eating as they learn to wait for better options. Solutions For Finicky EatersAddressing picky eating in dogs begins with ruling out any underlying health or dental issues, as well as minimizing stress and anxiety R92. The next step is to identify potential food sensitivities or allergies that could be contributing to the issue R93. We always recommend transitioning to a well-balanced home-cooked, or raw diet with carefully selected ingredients tailored to your dog’s specific needs. Many dogs find fresh, non-processed foods more appealing than commercial, processed diets, which often solves the problem R94. Once a suitable diet has been established, continue to feed the diet you’ve chosen following a consistent feeding schedule R95. Popular Brands That Use Harmful Ingredients in Certain ProductsR20 R61 R62 R63 As previously mentioned, the least expensive kibbles tend to contain the most unhealthy ingredients however, even some of the most expensive and recommended brands of dog food include harmful additives. For this reason, we strongly recommend avoiding processed dog foods altogether and instead opting for home-cooked or raw. If you must feed kibble, avoid any brand that uses high-heat processing as they contain the most ingredients linked to illness in dogs R96. Below is a list of popular “premium” dog foods that use harmful ingredients in certain products. Be aware that each brand has several products and the ingredients will vary between them. When choosing a product from any brand, check the ingredient list to make sure it doesn’t contain ingredients you don’t want to feed your dog. Acana Products(Uses High-Heat But Also Has A Freeze-Dried Option) R70 Canola Oil – Linked to gastrointestinal, digestive, joint and skin issues and cancer R46. Herring Meal – Fish meals can contain harmful environmental toxins like heavy metals or pesticides if not sourced carefully. Heavy metals include mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium, nickel and chromium. Linked to neurological damage, kidney and liver damage, suppressed immune function, loss of appetite, vomiting, digestive upset, gastrointestinal distress, anemia, cardiovascular problems, skin issues, weakened bones, skin allergies, respiratory issues, skin and eye irritation and cancer R75 R76 R77. Hills Science Diet Products(High-Heat) R64 Corn/Meat/Soy – Linked to skin, gastrointestinal, digestive, reproductive and thyroid issues, liver damage, inflammation, ear infections, obesity and poor overall health R47. By-Product Meal – Linked to gastrointestinal, digestive, hormonal, reproductive and neurological issues, antibiotic resistance, Salmonella, E. coli, liver damage, kidney problems, allergies, ear and skin infections, dry skin and coat, muscle loss, weakness, fatigue, obesity and long-term health complications R48. Natural Flavours – Linked to allergies, gastrointestinal, digestive, liver and kidney issues, immune system suppression, anorexia, behavioural and psychological changes R44. Animal By-Products – Linked to gastrointestinal, digestive, hormonal, reproductive and neurological issues, antibiotic resistance, Salmonella, E. coli, liver damage, kidney problems, allergies, ear and skin infections, dry skin and coat, muscle loss, weakness, fatigue, obesity and long-term health complications R48. Corn Gluten Meal – Linked to food allergies and sensitivities, itchy skin, ear infections, gastrointestinal upset, digestive issues, decreased immune function, chronic inflammation, loose stools, bloating, excessive gas, obesity, diabetes, liver damage, immune suppression, nutritional deficiencies and long-term health issues R78 R79 R80. Sugar (Sucrose) – Can lead to health problems including, but not limited to, obesity, diabetes, dental problems and even behavioural changes. Xylitol is extremely toxic to dogs and can cause neurological problems, seizures or death R6. Artificial Colours – Linked to gastrointestinal and digestive issues, allergies, hyperactivity and behavioural issues, obesity, diabetes, joint problems, heart disease, organ damage, endocrine disruption and cancer R49 R50 R51. Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate – Linked to skin and eye irritation, respiratory irritation, digestive issues, damage to kidney and bone function, potential toxicity resulting in dizziness, headaches or confusion R81. Propylene Glycol – Used to retain moisture in kibble. Linked to health problems including, but not limited to, anemia, neurological problems, allergies and organ damage R6. Ethoxyquin – Artificial preservative linked to health problems including but not limited to, liver and kidney damage and cancer R3. BHA/BHT – Linked to cancer, liver and kidney damage, endocrine and hormonal disruption, allergies, gastrointestinal, digestive and reproductive issues, developmental issues in puppies, neurological damage, cognitive decline, coordination problems, behavioural changes, immune system suppression and allergies R50. Flaxseed – Linked to gastrointestinal, digestive and reproductive issues, hormonal imbalance, developmental issues in puppies, obstruction, allergies, difficulty breathing, seizures, lethargy, blood thinning, obesity, interference with nutrient absorption and liver damage R49. Propyl Gallate – A preservative. Linked to health problems including, but not limited to, allergies, liver and kidney disease, DNA damage and cancer R6. Orijen Products(High-Heat) R74 High-Fat Content – Linked to obesity, gastrointestinal and digestive issues, liver disease, diabetes, heart disease, joint problems, pancreatitis, arthritis, Cushing’s disease, allergies, insulin resistance, skin and coat problems, urinary tract issues, bladder stones, urinary incontinence and cancer R45. Fish Meal/Fish Oil – Linked to gastrointestinal and digestive issues, kidney and liver damage, allergies, neurological issues, blood thinning, immune system dysfunction, respiratory issues, developmental problems, coat, skin and joint problems, heart disease, hypercalcemia, muscle weakness and cancer R50. Purina Products(High-Heat) R66 Corn/Meat/Soy – Linked to skin, gastrointestinal, digestive, reproductive and thyroid issues, liver damage, inflammation, ear infections, obesity and poor overall health R47. Animal By-Products – Linked to gastrointestinal, digestive, hormonal, reproductive and neurological issues, antibiotic resistance, Salmonella, E. coli, liver damage, kidney problems, allergies, ear and skin infections, dry skin and coat, muscle loss, weakness, fatigue, obesity and long-term health complications R48. BHA/BHT – Linked to cancer, liver and kidney damage, endocrine and hormonal disruption, allergies, gastrointestinal, digestive and reproductive issues, developmental issues in puppies, neurological damage, cognitive decline, coordination problems, behavioural changes, immune system suppression and allergies R50. Meat/Bone Meal – Linked to gastrointestinal, digestive, hormonal, reproductive and neurological issues, antibiotic resistance, Salmonella, E. coli, intestinal blockages or punctures, liver damage, kidney problems, bone disease, allergies, ear and skin infections, dry skin and coat, muscle loss, weakness, fatigue, obesity and long-term health complications R48. Cellulose – Linked to gastrointestinal obstruction, digestive issues, allergies, choking, nutrient absorption suppression, liver damage, neurological disorders, seizures, kidney failure, diabetes, developmental delays, lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, loss of muscle mass, cancer and overall poor health R46. Artificial Colours/Flavours – Linked to gastrointestinal and digestive issues, allergies, hyperactivity and behavioural issues, obesity, diabetes, joint problems, heart disease, organ damage, endocrine disruption and cancer R49 R50 R51. Propylene Glycol – Used to retain moisture in kibble. Linked to health problems including, but not limited to, anemia, neurological problems, allergies and organ damage R6. Ethoxyquin – Artificial preservative linked to health problems including, but not limited to, liver and kidney damage and cancer R3. Sugar & Sweeteners – Can lead to health problems including, but not limited to, obesity, diabetes, dental problems and even behavioural changes. Xylitol is extremely toxic to dogs and can cause neurological problems, seizures or death R6. Meat By-Products – Can include leftover animal parts like bones, hair, blood and intestines, some of which may be harmful. Could come from various sources, including low-quality or contaminated meat such as slaughterhouse waste, dead farm animals, road kill and euthanized pets. Linked to health problems including, but not limited to, digestive issues, allergies, liver and kidney damage and cancer R5. Preservative TBHQ – Linked to cancer, liver and kidney damage, endocrine and hormonal disruption, allergies, gastrointestinal, digestive and reproductive issues, developmental issues in puppies, neurological damage, cognitive decline, coordination problems, behavioural changes, immune system suppression and allergies R50. Corn/Meat – Linked to allergies, gastrointestinal and digestive issues, obesity, nutrient imbalance, gluten sensitivity or intolerance, lethargy, organ failure, hyperactivity and behavioural issues, obesity, diabetes, joint problems, heart disease, endocrine disruption and cancer R46. Rendered Fats – These fats are typically processed using high heat and chemicals, which can reduce their nutritional value and introduce unhealthy by-products. Linked to weight gain and obesity, inflammation and skin conditions, hot spots, eczema, allergies and sensitivities, arthritis, digestive upset, organ damage, immune system suppression, heart disease, kidney and liver damage, poor coat and cancer R82. Animal Digest – This is a flavour enhancer made from animal tissues, often of unclear origin. It can sometimes be contaminated with harmful bacteria or toxins. Linked to nutritional imbalances, Salmonella, E. coli, allergies, skin irritation, itching, vomiting, diarrhea, ear infections, respiratory problems, gastrointestinal upset, hyperactivity, behaviour issues, hormonal disruptions, kidney and liver damage, kidney stones, urinary issues, obesity, diabetes, seizures, metabolic imbalances, digestive upset, allergies, weakened immune system and cancer R86. Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) – Used as a flavour enhancer. Linked to seizures, hyperactivity, restlessness, tremors or muscle twitching, itchy skin, excessive licking or chewing paws, rashes, ear infections, gastrointestinal problems, obesity, diabetes, liver and kidney disease R83. Corn Gluten Meal – Linked to food allergies and sensitivities, itchy skin, ear infections, gastrointestinal upset, digestive issues, decreased immune function, chronic inflammation, loose stools, bloating, excessive gas, obesity, diabetes, liver damage, immune suppression, nutritional deficiencies and long-term health issues R84 R85. Royal Canin Products(High-Heat) R67 Brewers Rice – Linked to gastrointestinal and digestive issues, nutrient deficiencies, allergies, obesity, diabetes and overall poor health R47. Corn/Wheat Gluten – Linked to allergies, gastrointestinal and digestive issues, obesity, nutrient imbalance, gluten sensitivity or intolerance, lethargy, organ failure, hyperactivity and behavioural issues, obesity, diabetes, joint problems, heart disease, endocrine disruption and cancer R46. By-Product Meal – Linked to gastrointestinal, digestive, hormonal, reproductive and neurological issues, antibiotic resistance, Salmonella, E. coli, liver damage, kidney problems, allergies, ear and skin infections, dry skin and coat, muscle loss, weakness, fatigue, obesity and long-term health complications R44 R45 R46. Artificial Flavours and Colours – Linked to gastrointestinal and digestive issues, allergies, hyperactivity and behavioural issues, obesity, diabetes, joint problems, heart disease, organ damage, endocrine disruption and cancer R49 R50 R51. BHA/BHT – Linked to cancer, liver and kidney damage, endocrine and hormonal disruption, allergies, gastrointestinal, digestive and reproductive issues, developmental issues in puppies, neurological damage, cognitive decline, coordination problems, behavioural changes, immune system suppression and allergies R50. Soy Products – Known allergens. Linked to health problems including, but not limited to, allergies, digestive and thyroid issues R6. Sugar & Sweeteners – Can lead to health problems including, but not limited to, obesity, diabetes, dental problems and even behavioural changes. Xylitol is extremely toxic to dogs and can cause neurological problems, seizures or death R6. If you’re feeding a different brand of kibble, feel free to contact me to see if it contains any harmful ingredients. Keep in mind that I only address hard kibble in this article. If you are feeding soft canned food, treats, or other products, it’s important to do your research to ensure only healthy ingredients are used. Proper nutrition is essential for maintaining both you and your dog’s health and wellbeing. By selecting high-quality, natural ingredients and steering clear of harmful additives, you can greatly improve your chances of leading a long, happy and healthy life together. Remember, your dog’s health is in your hands and providing a nutritious diet is one of the most meaningful ways to demonstrate your compassion and responsibility as a dog guardian. DisclaimerThe information in these chapters is for educational and informational purposes only and reflects the author’s research and opinions. It includes information from pet food websites, pet food industry critiques and advocacy materials from natural/raw diet promoters, consumer reports and anecdotal evidence from pet owners. It also includes selective interpretations of scientific research and regulatory data, concerns from special interest groups including holistic veterinarians and alternative pet food companies, veterinary nutrition papers and independent testing on ingredient quality and processing effects. It is not veterinary, nutritional or professional advice. 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